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Endocrine systems Flashcards

1
Q

What cells do hormones act in?

A

Only in cells with correct membrane receptor proteins (target cells)

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2
Q

What is communication by hormones also known as?

A

Humoral

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3
Q

What are examples of endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalamus
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Pancreas (islets)
Pituitary
Adrenal

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4
Q

What are steroids made from?

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

What are examples of steroids?

A

Cortisol
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone

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6
Q

What are the two amino acid derivatives of non-steroid hormones?

A

Amines and Iodinated amino acids

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7
Q

What are examples of amines?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Melatonin

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8
Q

What are examples of iodinated amino acids?

A

Triiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine

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9
Q

What are examples of peptide short chain hormones?

A

Oxytocin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Somatostatin

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10
Q

What are examples of long chain peptide hormones?

A

Growth Hormone
Insulin
Glucagon
PTH
Calcitonin
Secretin, CCK, gastrin

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11
Q

What is the inactive hormone called?

A

Precursor form

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12
Q

Where does the pre-hormone become the prohormone?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Where is the prohormone converted to active hormone?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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14
Q

Where are active hormones secreted from?

A

Vesicles

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15
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins with attached carbohydrate groups to amino acids

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16
Q

What are examples of glycoproteins?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

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17
Q

What are local tissue hormones?

A

Hormone like substances which have a paracrine effect

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18
Q

What are examples of local tissue hormones?

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes

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19
Q

What are functions of local tissue hormones?

A

Haemostasis
Inflammation
Mucosal Protection
Blood flow regulation

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20
Q

What are two common second messengers?

A

cAMP and Ca++

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21
Q

Can steroid hormones pass directly through outer cells into intracellular receptors?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What happens do hormones once they have made their effect?

A

They are excreted or metabolised

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23
Q

What are most hormone systems controlled by?

A

Negative feedback control

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24
Q

What is the name for excess secretion?

A

Hypersecretion

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25
Q

What is the name for decreased secretion?

A

Hyposecretion

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26
Q

What is the sensitivity of target cells related to?

A

Number of membrane receptors

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27
Q

What is the name for more receptors?

A

Upregulation

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28
Q

What is the name for fewer receptors?

A

Downregulation

29
Q

What is hyperfunction?

A

-Excess production & secretion
-Upregulation of receptors
-Failure to metabolise hormone

30
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Thermoregulation
Hormone Secretion
Circadian Rhythms
Motivation
Emotions

31
Q

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

Primary hormones
Trophic hormones

32
Q

What are the hypothalamuses’ motivations?

A

Thirst
Feeding
Sexual Behaviour

33
Q

What is the area between the pituitary gland and hypothalamus called?

A

Infundibulum

34
Q

Through which vessels do AP pass in the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

35
Q

How do hormones produced in the hypothalamus pass to the posterior pituitary?

A

Along nerve axons

36
Q

What are examples of hypothalamic hormones?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Somatostatin (SS) (GH Inhibiting Hormone)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH)
Dopamine (DA)

37
Q

What are examples of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Luteinising hormone (LH)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH)
-Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PL)

38
Q

What is corticotrophins?

A

Hormones released as a result of stress
Stimulate production of cortisol

39
Q

What are gonadotrophins?

A

Control gamete and sex hormone production
Stimulate production of (LH) or (FSH)

40
Q

What are thyrotropin?

A

Regulates production of thyroid hormones
Stimulate production of (TSH)

41
Q

What are somatotrophins?

A

Growth hormone secreted by pituitary gland

42
Q

What are prolactin’s?

A

Enables animals to produce milk

43
Q

What are posterior pituitary hormones?

A

-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Oxytocin
-These are produced by neurons
in the hypothalamus and pass
along the axons to the posterior
part of the pituitary

44
Q

Which nuclei produces antidiuretic hormones?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

45
Q

Which nuclei produces oxytocin?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

46
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone?

A

Promote the retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood pressure.

47
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Plays a role in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.

48
Q

What hormones are produced in thyroid?

A

Thyroid hormones
T3,T4
Calcitonin

49
Q

Where would you find the thyroid gland?

A

In neck anterior to the trachea

50
Q

What is calcitonin produced by?

A

Para-follicular C cells

51
Q

What are the purposes of T3 and T4?

A

T4 is a precursor for T3, which is more potent
-Increase metabolic rate of all cells
-determines basal metabolic rate
-essential for normal foetal and childhood growth
-Permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors

52
Q

What are disorders associated with under secretion of thyroid hormones?

A

Hypothyroidism
Cretinism, Myxoedema

53
Q

What are disorders associated with over secretion of thyroid hormones?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Grave’s Disease

54
Q

What is thyroid swelling associated with?

A

Iodine deficiency

55
Q

What does low levels of thyroxine result in?

A

Increased secretion of TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormones)

56
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they found?

A

4-5, on deep surface of the thyroid gland

57
Q

What is the purpose of insulin?

A

Released when blood glucose is high and lowers blood glucose

58
Q

What would inhibit secretion of insulin?

A

Adrenaline
Sympathetic nerves
Somatostatin

59
Q

When is glucagon secreted?

A

Low blood glucose levels

60
Q

What are functions of glucagon?

A

Glycogenolysis in liver
Gluconeogenesis in liver
Lipolysis and ketone synthesis

61
Q

What are some clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria ( increase urine production)
Polydipsia ( increase fluid intake, thirst)
Glucose in urine
Skin and oral diseases

62
Q

Where would you find the adrenal glands?

A

Lie on top of the kidneys

63
Q

What do the adrenal glands produce?

A

Corticosteroids

64
Q

HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLAND

65
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

-Metabolic effects
-permissive effects
-Anti-inflammatory
-immunosuppressant

66
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

-Promotes reabsorption of Na+ and H20 in Kidney
-Increases excretion of H+, K+

67
Q

What are androgens responsible for?

A

Puberty growth spurt

68
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excess glucocorticoid

69
Q

What is an adreno-genital syndrome?

A

Excess androgens, early puberty

BDS1 (43 decks)

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