Endocrine systems Flashcards by Lucy Brown

What cells do hormones act in?

Only in cells with correct membrane receptor proteins (target cells)

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What is communication by hormones also known as?

Humoral

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What are examples of endocrine glands?

Hypothalamus
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Pancreas (islets)
Pituitary
Adrenal

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What are steroids made from?

Cholesterol

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What are examples of steroids?

Cortisol
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone

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What are the two amino acid derivatives of non-steroid hormones?

Amines and Iodinated amino acids

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What are examples of amines?

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Melatonin

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What are examples of iodinated amino acids?

Triiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine

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What are examples of peptide short chain hormones?

Oxytocin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Somatostatin

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What are examples of long chain peptide hormones?

Growth Hormone
Insulin
Glucagon
PTH
Calcitonin
Secretin, CCK, gastrin

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What is the inactive hormone called?

Precursor form

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Where does the pre-hormone become the prohormone?

Endoplasmic reticulum

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Where is the prohormone converted to active hormone?

Golgi Apparatus

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Where are active hormones secreted from?

Vesicles

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What are glycoproteins?

Proteins with attached carbohydrate groups to amino acids

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What are examples of glycoproteins?

Follicle stimulating hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

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What are local tissue hormones?

Hormone like substances which have a paracrine effect

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What are examples of local tissue hormones?

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes

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What are functions of local tissue hormones?

Haemostasis
Inflammation
Mucosal Protection
Blood flow regulation

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What are two common second messengers?

cAMP and Ca++

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Can steroid hormones pass directly through outer cells into intracellular receptors?

Yes

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What happens do hormones once they have made their effect?

They are excreted or metabolised

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What are most hormone systems controlled by?

Negative feedback control

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What is the name for excess secretion?

Hypersecretion

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What is the name for decreased secretion?

Hyposecretion

What is the sensitivity of target cells related to?

Number of membrane receptors

What is the name for more receptors?

Upregulation

What is the name for fewer receptors?

Downregulation

What is hyperfunction?

-Excess production & secretion -Upregulation of receptors -Failure to metabolise hormone

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Thermoregulation Hormone Secretion Circadian Rhythms Motivation Emotions

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Primary hormones Trophic hormones

What are the hypothalamuses' motivations?

Thirst Feeding Sexual Behaviour

What is the area between the pituitary gland and hypothalamus called?

Infundibulum

Through which vessels do AP pass in the hypothalamus?

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

How do hormones produced in the hypothalamus pass to the posterior pituitary?

Along nerve axons

What are examples of hypothalamic hormones?

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Somatostatin (SS) (GH Inhibiting Hormone) Prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH) Dopamine (DA)

What are examples of anterior pituitary hormones?

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -Luteinising hormone (LH) - Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -Growth hormone (GH) - Prolactin (PL)

What is corticotrophins?

Hormones released as a result of stress Stimulate production of cortisol

What are gonadotrophins?

Control gamete and sex hormone production Stimulate production of (LH) or (FSH)

What are thyrotropin?

Regulates production of thyroid hormones Stimulate production of (TSH)

What are somatotrophins?

Growth hormone secreted by pituitary gland

What are prolactin's?

Enables animals to produce milk

What are posterior pituitary hormones?

-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Oxytocin -These are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus and pass along the axons to the posterior part of the pituitary

Which nuclei produces antidiuretic hormones?

Paraventricular nucleus

Which nuclei produces oxytocin?

Supraoptic nucleus

What is antidiuretic hormone?

Promote the retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood pressure.

What is oxytocin?

Plays a role in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.

What hormones are produced in thyroid?

Thyroid hormones T3,T4 Calcitonin

Where would you find the thyroid gland?

In neck anterior to the trachea

What is calcitonin produced by?

Para-follicular C cells

What are the purposes of T3 and T4?

T4 is a precursor for T3, which is more potent -Increase metabolic rate of all cells -determines basal metabolic rate -essential for normal foetal and childhood growth -Permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors

What are disorders associated with under secretion of thyroid hormones?

Hypothyroidism Cretinism, Myxoedema

What are disorders associated with over secretion of thyroid hormones?

Hyperthyroidism Grave's Disease

What is thyroid swelling associated with?

Iodine deficiency

What does low levels of thyroxine result in?

Increased secretion of TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormones)

How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they found?

4-5, on deep surface of the thyroid gland

What is the purpose of insulin?

Released when blood glucose is high and lowers blood glucose

What would inhibit secretion of insulin?

Adrenaline Sympathetic nerves Somatostatin

When is glucagon secreted?

Low blood glucose levels

What are functions of glucagon?

Glycogenolysis in liver Gluconeogenesis in liver Lipolysis and ketone synthesis

What are some clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

Polyuria ( increase urine production) Polydipsia ( increase fluid intake, thirst) Glucose in urine Skin and oral diseases

Where would you find the adrenal glands?

Lie on top of the kidneys

What do the adrenal glands produce?

Corticosteroids

HISTOLOGY OF ADRENAL GLAND

What is the function of cortisol?

-Metabolic effects -permissive effects -Anti-inflammatory -immunosuppressant

What is the function of aldosterone?

-Promotes reabsorption of Na+ and H20 in Kidney -Increases excretion of H+, K+

What are androgens responsible for?

Puberty growth spurt

What is Cushing's syndrome?

Excess glucocorticoid

What is an adreno-genital syndrome?

Excess androgens, early puberty