Acute inflammation Flashcards
What is acute inflammation?
Response of living tissue to infection or damage
Develops quickly
Initiation for innate immunity
What are the three main processes involved in acute inflamation?
-Vascular dilation
-Increased vascular permeability
-Neutrophil activation and migration
What are the 4 main causes of acute inflammation?
-Microbial infection
-Physical agents
-Irritant and corrosive chemicals
-Tissue necrosis (lack of O2 or nutrients)
What are the consequences of acute inflammation?
Redness (rubor)
Heat (calor)
Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of functiom
What is redness caused by?
Dilation of small blood vessels
What is heat caused by during inflammation?
Increased blood flow (hyperaemia)
What is swelling caused by?
Accumulation of fluid in extra vascular space (oedema)
What is the pain caused by?
Stretching of fluid in extra vascular space
What is an example of acute inflammation?
Gingivitis
How is gingivitis initiated?
Microbes in dental plaque recognised by gingival epithelial cells via pattern recognition receptors (TLR’s)
What is the progression of gingivitis?
Containment of microbes by innate immune cells and antimicrobial compounds ( AMP’S and secretory IgA)
Describe the amplification of gingivitis?
Recruitment and activation of innate immune cells via chemokine/cytokine activity and vascular dilation
What is meant by Exudation?
The vessels become ‘leaky’ and allow passage of water, salts and some proteins
What does the retraction of endothelial cells result in?
Migration of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages to damaged tissues
What is oedema?
Excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body
What is histamine and its function?
Breakdown product of histidine
Role as a neurotransmitter- Itching
Causes vasodilation
What are prostaglandins and their function?
Produced by macrophages and neutrophils
Causes vascular dilation
Regulates cytokine production
Regulates cell recruitment
Acts on nerve fibres -pain
What is the most abundant prostaglandin?
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
What enzyme regulates prostaglandins?
Cyclo-oxygenase II
THE KININ SYSTEM
What is the key role of coagulation systems?
Produce fibrin for the formation of a blood clot
COAGULATION SYSTEM
What does the fibrinolytic system activate?
Plasmin
FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM
DISORDERS IN COAGULATION SYSTEM
PLASMA FACTORS
What can the formation of an abscess result in?
Can lead to acute inflammation
What are the three types of dental abscess?
-gingival abscess
-periodontal abscess
-periapical abscess
What is pus?
Bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils
