Head and Neck anatomy Flashcards
How many cranial bones are there?
8
How many facial bones are there?
14
What are the 3 cranial sutures?
coronal (front)
saggital (middle)
lambdoid (back)
What is the purpose of cranial sutures?
Cranial sutures allow for the skull to move over during the birth process
How long do the cranial sutures take to close over?
A year to a year and a half
What are the fontanelles?
Fontanelles allow for stretching and deformation of the neurocranium both during birth and later as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow
What are the bones of the cranial base?
Ethmoid 1
Frontal 1
Occipital 1
Sphenoid 1
Temporal 2
What is the name of the hole in the middle of the skull?
Foramen Magnum
What shape is the sphenoid bone?
Butterfly shape
What bone forms the foreman magnum?
The occipital lobe
What is the artery found near temporal bone?
middle meningeal artery
What does bursting the middle meningeal artery cause?
Extradural haemorrhage
What bones are visible from the top of the skull?
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Temporal Bone (squamous part)
What is the weakest part of the skull?
Pterion
What is the thinnest bone in the body?
Lacrimal bone
What cranial nerves are involved in the eye socket?
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
What is another name for the eye socket?
The orbit
What cartilage is found in the nose?
Septal cartilage
What bone is found in the nose?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
What is the main arterial blood supply to head and neck?
Arch of aorta
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
external carotid artery (several branches)
What are other arteries found in head and neck?
Ascending pharyngeal - supplies pharynx
Superior thyroid- supplies thyroid
Lingual - supplies floor of the tongue
Facial
Occipital- supplies skin goes towards occipital bone
Posterior auricular- supplies part of ear
Superficial temporal - goes up the temporal bone
Maxillary
What does the internal jugular vein do?
Drains the cerebellum, the inside of the skull and most of the external structures
What is the cavernous sinus?
The cavernous sinus is an unconventional venous system in the sense that it does not have a unidirectional flow of blood.
What is the dural venous sinus?
Dural venous sinuses are venous channels located intracranially between the two layers of dura mater
What are the three parts of the trigeminal nerve?
ophthalmic nerve (V1)
the maxillary nerve (V2)
mandibular nerve (V3) Mixed nerve
What two ligaments make up the TMJ?
Sphenomandibular ligament and the lateral ligament
What muscle of mastication opens the mouth?
Lateral Pterygoid
What are the muscles of mastication?
Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
What nerve supplies the mandible?
Inferior alveolar nerve (mandibular part of the trigeminal nerve)
What is the articular surface?
Make smooth movement between two bones, hyaline cartilage
What is the function of the temporalis?
Elevates and retracts the mandible
Where is masseter located?
Comes from the zygoma down to the angle of the mandible?
What are the two parts of the masseter?
Superficial part and the deep part
What is the function of the medial pterygoid?
Elevates and protrudes the mandible
What is the brachial plexus?
The brachial plexus is the network of nerves that sends signals from your spinal cord to your shoulder, arm and hand
What is the nerve supply to the sternocleidomastoid?
Accessory
What does the sternocleidomastoid do on its own, and what do they do acting together?
On its own rotation of the head towards the opposite side and superior rotation of the head. Joint contraction with the left and right results in flexion of the neck
What is torticollis?
Twisting of the neck that causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle
What are the two major branches of the common carotid artery and what do they supply?
External- face, tongue
Internal-Brain
At what cervical level does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
C4
Why does stenosis occur at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?
Change of direction of blood flowing superiorly
Why may the hypoglossal nerve be partially sectioned to reinnervate another nerve close by?
Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis
What does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Why are secretions produced by the thyroid gland important?
Essential for normal neural and growth development
What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
What emergency procedure is undertaken between the thyroid and crichoid cartilages?
cricothyroidotomy
What comprises the ‘strap’ muscles?
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
What is the function of the ‘strap’ muscles?
Depression of the hyoid bone in swallowing
What is the function of the digastric muscle?
Opens the jaw
