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BDS1 > Human Physiology > Flashcards

Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average input and output of water everyday?

A

2400ml

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2
Q

What is function of glomerulus?

A

Filtration of plasma

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3
Q

What is the rate of renal blood flow per min?

A

1200ml/min

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4
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tube?

A

Reabsorbs 60-70% of the glomerular filtrate
Secretion of H+

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5
Q

What is the function of the loop of henle?

A

Important for the concentration of urine

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6
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and Ca2+
Secretion of H+ and K+

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7
Q

What is the function of the collecting ducts?

A

Water reabsorption under the influence of ADH

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8
Q

What is the water of the body mainly controlled by?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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9
Q

What increases the secretion of ADH?

A

Decrease in ECF volume
Increase in ECF osmolarity

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10
Q

What are important electrolytes?

A

Na+
K+
H+
Ca2+

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11
Q

What is K+ regulated by?

A

Aldosterone

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12
Q

What chemical is released to cause a platelet plug?

A

Thromboxane A2 (vasoconstriction)

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13
Q

Patients with liver disease have a higher risk of what?

A

Haemorrhage

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14
Q

What can have an effect of coagulation?

A

Calcium deficiency

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15
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Removing the blood clot, dissolving

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16
Q

What enzyme is used during fibrinolysis?

A

Plasmin

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17
Q

What coagulation pathway is more important in clotting after an injury?

A

Extrinsic pathway

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18
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic system in blood clotting?

A

To maintain coagulation
May have a role in thrombosis

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19
Q

What are baroreceptor reflexes mediated by?

A

Sympathetic nerves and hormones

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20
Q

What is hypovolaemic shock?

A

Decrease in ECF due to haemorrhage, sweating, diarrhoea, burns

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21
Q

What is low resistance shock?

A

Decrease in peripheral resistance due to widespread vasodilation (anaphylactic shock)

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22
Q

What are the three stages in stress?

A

Alarm reaction
Resistance phase
Exhaustion phase

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23
Q

What will happen during the alarm reaction?

A

-Increased cardiac output
-Redistribution of cardio output
-Glycogen breakdown-glucose release
-Mobilisation of fat stores
-Stimulation of adrenaline release

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24
Q

What is adrenaline secreted from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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25
Q

What are glucocorticoids secreted by?

A

Adrenal cortex

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26
Q

What is the main stress hormone?

A

Cortisol

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27
Q

What are the actions of cortisol?

A

Increase energy production from glucose, amino acids and fats
Increased protein breakdown
Enhances the actions of adrenaline
Anti-inflammatory actions
Immunosuppression

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28
Q

What actions do glucocorticoids have?

A

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

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29
Q

What is ‘stress analgesia’?

A

Pain is diminished during physical stress e.g., during sports

30
Q

What may cause stress to dentists and what makes this stress worse?

A

Tooth extraction
-Severity
-Standing
-Anxious patients

31
Q

What happens to the
individual if the stressors
continue to be present?

A

-Either they ‘cope’ (Adaptation phase)
-Or they don’t (Exhaustion phase)

32
Q

If individuals fail to diminish stressors what may happen if effects persist?

A

Adrenal failure
Immunosuppression
Peptic ulcers
CVS disease
Death in extreme cases

33
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

Bone and tooth structure
Mineral store
Action potentials (cardiac muscle)
Membrane excitability
2nd Messenger
Co-factor in metabolic pathways
Blood clotting

34
Q

When is calcium used as a 2nd messenger?

A

Muscle; excitation-contraction coupling
Gland secretion
Non-steroid hormone action

35
Q

Where is calcium absorbed from the diet?

A

G.I Tract

36
Q

What is calcium homeostasis controlled by?

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

37
Q

How does the PTH act to increase plasma Ca+?

A

Increase the reabsorption of bone (osteoclasts)
Increase Ca+ reabsorption in kidney ( decreases PO4 reabsorption)
Increase uptake of Ca+ from the intestines (assisted by vitamin D)

38
Q

What is calcitonin secreted from?

A

Thyroid gland (c-cells)

39
Q

What is the function of calcitonin in Ca+ homeostasis?

A

Secreted in response to high plasma Ca+

40
Q

How does calcitonin work to lower plasma Ca+?

A

Increase the formation of bone (osteoblasts)
Decrease Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney

41
Q

How does vitamin D effect calcium homeostasis?

A

Ca+ absorption in kidney
Bone formation

42
Q

What are hormones associated with bone formation?

A

Calcitonin
Growth Hormone
IGF-1
Insulin
Oestrogen
Testosterone

43
Q

What hormones are associated with bone reabsorption?

A

Cortisol
PTH
Thyroid hormones

44
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts in bone?

A

Synthesise and secrete collagen
fibres forming a matrix later
mineralised by calcium salts

45
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Trapped osteoblasts in the bone matrix
Lie within bony lacunae and contact other cells via long cytoplasmic processes

46
Q

What are the functions of osteoclasts?

A

Large, multinucleate cells, derived from macrophages, that resorb bone
Lie in depressions:
Howship’s lacunae

47
Q

What is hypercalcaemia?

A

Raised Ca2+

48
Q

What is hypocalcaemia?

A

Reduced Ca2+

49
Q

Why may hypocalcaemia occur?

A

Decreased Ca2+ intake
Excessive Ca2+ loss
Alkalosis (low Ca2+)

50
Q

What may low Ca2+ cause

A

Increase in nerve excitability
Pins and needles

51
Q

What breathing disorder can hypocalcaemia cause?

A

Hyperventilation

52
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Excess parathyroid hormone due to over activity of parathyroid glands

53
Q

What can hypoparathyroidism cause in the mouth?

A

Defective mineralisation due to low blood calcium levels due to under secretion of PTH

54
Q

What can vitamin D deficiency cause in children?

A

Rickets

55
Q

What can Vitamin D deficiency cause in adults?

A

Osteomalacia (softening of the bones)

56
Q

What is the difference between osteoporosis and osteopetrosis?

A

Osteoporosis is decreased bone mass and density
Osteopetrosis is increased bone mass and density

57
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in cell numbers

58
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

59
Q

What are examples of hormones that influence growth?

A

Thyroid hormones
Growth hormones
Sex hormones
Insulin
Cortisol
Vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone

60
Q

What is the function of the thyroid hormones?

A

-essential for normal development and growth
-Essential for protein synthesis in brain of foetus and infant

61
Q

What are some distinguishing factors of neonate hypothyroidism?

A

Sparse hair
Large tongue
Mental impairments
Delayed tooth eruption

62
Q

What are metabolic actions of growth hormone?

A

-Increase blood glucose
-Decrease glucose uptake by cells
-Increase lipolysis

63
Q

Where do long bones grow?

A

Epiphyses

64
Q

What is the function of sex hormones?

A

Stimulate bone growth, accelerates closure of epiphyseal growth plates

65
Q

How does insulin contribute to growth?

A

-promotes foetal growth
-promotes post-natal growth by stimulating secretion of IGF-1
-Facilitating protein synthesis

66
Q

What happens when cortisol is present in high amounts?

A

Inhibits growth

67
Q

How do vitamin d and parathyroid hormone contribute to growth?

A

Ensure adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate are available for bone formation

68
Q

What is vitamin D responsible for?

A

Ca2+ absorption from gut

69
Q

What is PTH responsible for?

A

Raises plasma Ca2+ levels

70
Q

How does an excess amount of growth hormone affect childhood?

A

-accelerates normal growth gigantism

71
Q

How does an excess amount of growth hormone affect adults?

A

-Hands, feet and jaw increase in bulk
-Acromegaly

72
Q

What us achondroplasia?

A

Deficiency in cartilage growth
Affects long bones and cartilage growth centres

BDS1 (43 decks)

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