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Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average input and output of water everyday?

A

2400ml

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2
Q

What is function of glomerulus?

A

Filtration of plasma

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3
Q

What is the rate of renal blood flow per min?

A

1200ml/min

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4
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tube?

A

Reabsorbs 60-70% of the glomerular filtrate
Secretion of H+

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5
Q

What is the function of the loop of henle?

A

Important for the concentration of urine

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6
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and Ca2+
Secretion of H+ and K+

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7
Q

What is the function of the collecting ducts?

A

Water reabsorption under the influence of ADH

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8
Q

What is the water of the body mainly controlled by?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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9
Q

What increases the secretion of ADH?

A

Decrease in ECF volume
Increase in ECF osmolarity

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10
Q

What are important electrolytes?

A

Na+
K+
H+
Ca2+

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11
Q

What is K+ regulated by?

A

Aldosterone

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12
Q

What chemical is released to cause a platelet plug?

A

Thromboxane A2 (vasoconstriction)

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13
Q

Patients with liver disease have a higher risk of what?

A

Haemorrhage

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14
Q

What can have an effect of coagulation?

A

Calcium deficiency

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15
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Removing the blood clot, dissolving

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16
Q

What enzyme is used during fibrinolysis?

A

Plasmin

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17
Q

What coagulation pathway is more important in clotting after an injury?

A

Extrinsic pathway

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18
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic system in blood clotting?

A

To maintain coagulation
May have a role in thrombosis

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19
Q

What are baroreceptor reflexes mediated by?

A

Sympathetic nerves and hormones

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20
Q

What is hypovolaemic shock?

A

Decrease in ECF due to haemorrhage, sweating, diarrhoea, burns

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21
Q

What is low resistance shock?

A

Decrease in peripheral resistance due to widespread vasodilation (anaphylactic shock)

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22
Q

What are the three stages in stress?

A

Alarm reaction
Resistance phase
Exhaustion phase

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23
Q

What will happen during the alarm reaction?

A

-Increased cardiac output
-Redistribution of cardio output
-Glycogen breakdown-glucose release
-Mobilisation of fat stores
-Stimulation of adrenaline release

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24
Q

What is adrenaline secreted from?

A

Adrenal medulla

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25
What are glucocorticoids secreted by?
Adrenal cortex
26
What is the main stress hormone?
Cortisol
27
What are the actions of cortisol?
Increase energy production from glucose, amino acids and fats Increased protein breakdown Enhances the actions of adrenaline Anti-inflammatory actions Immunosuppression
28
What actions do glucocorticoids have?
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
29
What is 'stress analgesia'?
Pain is diminished during physical stress e.g., during sports
30
What may cause stress to dentists and what makes this stress worse?
Tooth extraction -Severity -Standing -Anxious patients
31
What happens to the individual if the stressors continue to be present?
-Either they ‘cope’ (Adaptation phase) -Or they don’t (Exhaustion phase)
32
If individuals fail to diminish stressors what may happen if effects persist?
Adrenal failure Immunosuppression Peptic ulcers CVS disease Death in extreme cases
33
What are the functions of calcium?
Bone and tooth structure Mineral store Action potentials (cardiac muscle) Membrane excitability 2nd Messenger Co-factor in metabolic pathways Blood clotting
34
When is calcium used as a 2nd messenger?
Muscle; excitation-contraction coupling Gland secretion Non-steroid hormone action
35
Where is calcium absorbed from the diet?
G.I Tract
36
What is calcium homeostasis controlled by?
Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Vitamin D
37
How does the PTH act to increase plasma Ca+?
Increase the reabsorption of bone (osteoclasts) Increase Ca+ reabsorption in kidney ( decreases PO4 reabsorption) Increase uptake of Ca+ from the intestines (assisted by vitamin D)
38
What is calcitonin secreted from?
Thyroid gland (c-cells)
39
What is the function of calcitonin in Ca+ homeostasis?
Secreted in response to high plasma Ca+
40
How does calcitonin work to lower plasma Ca+?
Increase the formation of bone (osteoblasts) Decrease Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
41
How does vitamin D effect calcium homeostasis?
Ca+ absorption in kidney Bone formation
42
What are hormones associated with bone formation?
Calcitonin Growth Hormone IGF-1 Insulin Oestrogen Testosterone
43
What hormones are associated with bone reabsorption?
Cortisol PTH Thyroid hormones
44
What is the function of osteoblasts in bone?
Synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix later mineralised by calcium salts
45
What are osteocytes?
Trapped osteoblasts in the bone matrix Lie within bony lacunae and contact other cells via long cytoplasmic processes
46
What are the functions of osteoclasts?
Large, multinucleate cells, derived from macrophages, that resorb bone Lie in depressions: Howship’s lacunae
47
What is hypercalcaemia?
Raised Ca2+
48
What is hypocalcaemia?
Reduced Ca2+
49
Why may hypocalcaemia occur?
Decreased Ca2+ intake Excessive Ca2+ loss Alkalosis (low Ca2+)
50
What may low Ca2+ cause
Increase in nerve excitability Pins and needles
51
What breathing disorder can hypocalcaemia cause?
Hyperventilation
52
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Excess parathyroid hormone due to over activity of parathyroid glands
53
What can hypoparathyroidism cause in the mouth?
Defective mineralisation due to low blood calcium levels due to under secretion of PTH
54
What can vitamin D deficiency cause in children?
Rickets
55
What can Vitamin D deficiency cause in adults?
Osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
56
What is the difference between osteoporosis and osteopetrosis?
Osteoporosis is decreased bone mass and density Osteopetrosis is increased bone mass and density
57
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in cell numbers
58
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
59
What are examples of hormones that influence growth?
Thyroid hormones Growth hormones Sex hormones Insulin Cortisol Vitamin D Parathyroid hormone
60
What is the function of the thyroid hormones?
-essential for normal development and growth -Essential for protein synthesis in brain of foetus and infant
61
What are some distinguishing factors of neonate hypothyroidism?
Sparse hair Large tongue Mental impairments Delayed tooth eruption
62
What are metabolic actions of growth hormone?
-Increase blood glucose -Decrease glucose uptake by cells -Increase lipolysis
63
Where do long bones grow?
Epiphyses
64
What is the function of sex hormones?
Stimulate bone growth, accelerates closure of epiphyseal growth plates
65
How does insulin contribute to growth?
-promotes foetal growth -promotes post-natal growth by stimulating secretion of IGF-1 -Facilitating protein synthesis
66
What happens when cortisol is present in high amounts?
Inhibits growth
67
How do vitamin d and parathyroid hormone contribute to growth?
Ensure adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate are available for bone formation
68
What is vitamin D responsible for?
Ca2+ absorption from gut
69
What is PTH responsible for?
Raises plasma Ca2+ levels
70
How does an excess amount of growth hormone affect childhood?
-accelerates normal growth gigantism
71
How does an excess amount of growth hormone affect adults?
-Hands, feet and jaw increase in bulk -Acromegaly
72
What us achondroplasia?
Deficiency in cartilage growth Affects long bones and cartilage growth centres

BDS1 (43 decks)

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