Growth disorders

Question 1

What is agenesis (aplasia)

Answer 1

Failure of development of an organ or structure within an organ
ie. salivary gland, kidney

Question 2

What is atresia?

Answer 2

Failure of development of the lumen in a tubular epithelial structure
ie. duct of salivary gland lumen

Question 3

What is hypoplasia?

Answer 3

Less tissue is formed, normal structure
ie. enamel formed by ameloblasts but amount is much less (enamel hypoplasia)

Question 4

What is a harmartoma?

Answer 4

A tumour like growth
ie. moles

Question 5

What is a odontoma?

Answer 5

A hamartoma of dental hard tissues

Question 6

What is a haemangioma?

Answer 6

A hamartoma of blood vessells

Question 7

What is a lymphangioma?

Answer 7

A hamartoma of the lymph nodes
-common in tongue

Question 8

What is a mole?

Answer 8

A hamartoma of melanocytes

Question 9

Where is melanocytes commonly found?

Answer 9

The basal cell layer of the epidermis

Question 10

What is ectopia?

Answer 10

Normal tissue in a abnormal site

Question 11

What is an example of ectopia?

Answer 11

Meckel’s diverticulum which is an outpouching of the small intestine, containing gastric type mucosa
Ectopic pregnancy

Question 12

What is atrophy?

Answer 12

Cells become smaller than normal

Question 13

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 13

When cells become larger than normal

Question 14

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 14

When there are more cells than normal, size remains

Question 15

What is metaplasia?

Answer 15

When the cells change to another cell type

Question 16

What is dysplasia?

Answer 16

Change in the maturation and growth pattern or cells

Question 17

When may atrophy occur locally?

Answer 17

Ischaemia
Pressure (tumours)
Autoimmune
Idiopathic

Question 18

When may atrophy occur generally?

Answer 18

-inadequate nutrition (starvation)
-endocrine
-senile (older age group)

Question 19

What is a atrophic mandible?

Answer 19

The mandible comes smaller in size, the mental foreman and alveolar nerve come closer to the ridge

Question 20

What sex hormone has an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts?

Answer 20

Oestrogen

Question 21

What effect does corticosteroids have on bones?

Answer 21

weakening of bones and osteoporosis

Question 22

What is an oral example of hyperplasia?

Answer 22

Gingival hyperplasia

Question 23

What may cause pathologic hyperplasia?

Answer 23

Endocrine stimulation
Chronic inflammation and injury

Question 24

Where may hypertrophy occur in skeletal muscle?

Answer 24

Exercise

Question 25

Where may hypertrophy occur in smooth muscle?

Answer 25

Pregnancy

Question 26

Where may hypertrophy occur in cardiac muscle?

Answer 26

LVH hypertension

Question 27

What will happen in muscles when a muscles workload is increased?

Answer 27

Increased number of myofilaments

Question 28

What is goitre?

Answer 28

Enlargement of thyroid gland, result of dietary iodine deficiency, decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone

Question 29

What are 2 types of metaplasia?

Answer 29

Epithelial
Mesenchymal

Question 30

What is an example of metaplasia?

Answer 30

Barret’s oesophagus, from squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium, GORD

Question 31

What may dysplasia indicate?

Answer 31

Higher risk of malignancy

Question 32

What is neoplasia?

Answer 32

An abnormal mass of tissue, growth is excessive