Growth disorders Flashcards
What is agenesis (aplasia)
Failure of development of an organ or structure within an organ
ie. salivary gland, kidney
What is atresia?
Failure of development of the lumen in a tubular epithelial structure
ie. duct of salivary gland lumen
What is hypoplasia?
Less tissue is formed, normal structure
ie. enamel formed by ameloblasts but amount is much less (enamel hypoplasia)
What is a harmartoma?
A tumour like growth
ie. moles
What is a odontoma?
A hamartoma of dental hard tissues
What is a haemangioma?
A hamartoma of blood vessells
What is a lymphangioma?
A hamartoma of the lymph nodes
-common in tongue
What is a mole?
A hamartoma of melanocytes
Where is melanocytes commonly found?
The basal cell layer of the epidermis
What is ectopia?
Normal tissue in a abnormal site
What is an example of ectopia?
Meckel’s diverticulum which is an outpouching of the small intestine, containing gastric type mucosa
Ectopic pregnancy
What is atrophy?
Cells become smaller than normal
What is hypertrophy?
When cells become larger than normal
What is hyperplasia?
When there are more cells than normal, size remains
What is metaplasia?
When the cells change to another cell type
What is dysplasia?
Change in the maturation and growth pattern or cells
When may atrophy occur locally?
Ischaemia
Pressure (tumours)
Autoimmune
Idiopathic
When may atrophy occur generally?
-inadequate nutrition (starvation)
-endocrine
-senile (older age group)
What is a atrophic mandible?
The mandible comes smaller in size, the mental foreman and alveolar nerve come closer to the ridge
What sex hormone has an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts?
Oestrogen
What effect does corticosteroids have on bones?
weakening of bones and osteoporosis
What is an oral example of hyperplasia?
Gingival hyperplasia
What may cause pathologic hyperplasia?
Endocrine stimulation
Chronic inflammation and injury
Where may hypertrophy occur in skeletal muscle?
Exercise
Where may hypertrophy occur in smooth muscle?
Pregnancy
Where may hypertrophy occur in cardiac muscle?
LVH hypertension
What will happen in muscles when a muscles workload is increased?
Increased number of myofilaments
What is goitre?
Enlargement of thyroid gland, result of dietary iodine deficiency, decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone
What are 2 types of metaplasia?
Epithelial
Mesenchymal
What is an example of metaplasia?
Barret’s oesophagus, from squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium, GORD
What may dysplasia indicate?
Higher risk of malignancy
What is neoplasia?
An abnormal mass of tissue, growth is excessive
