III: Microbiome and Infection Control

Question 1

______: growth in a germ-free environment

Answer 1

Gnotobiotic

Question 2

_____: anti-inflammatory mediator produced by the microbiome

Answer 2

Acetate

Question 3

_____: energy source for enterocytes produced by the microbiome; stimulates epithelial cell cathelicidins and chromatin remodeling

Answer 3

Butyrate

Question 4

_____: imbalances in microbiome composition

Answer 4

Dysbiosis

Question 5

Cite the number of nosocomial infections each year in the US and how many result in mortality.

Answer 5

1.7 million; 99,000

Question 6

Higher abundances of ______ may lead to obesity

Answer 6

Firmicutes

Question 7

Higher numbers of ________ are seen in the microbiome during breastfeeding

Answer 7

Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria

Question 8

Name 3 pathogens for which airborne precautions are indicated.

Answer 8

Primary VZV, TB, Measles

Question 9

Name 3 pathogens for which droplet precautions are indicated.

Answer 9

Influenza, RSV, Neisseria meningitidis

Question 10

Name 4 pathogens for which contact precautions are indicated.

Answer 10

MRSA, VRE, MDR Acinetobacter, GI pathogens

Question 11

Name four vitamins/nutrients synthesized by the microbiome

Answer 11

B, K, biotin, folate

Question 12

Name two key phyla of obligate anaerobes seen in the colon.

Answer 12

Firmicutes, Bacteroides

Question 13

The microbiome converts ______ to ____, which goes to the liver for conversion to ______, which increases forward cholesterol transport and promotes _______.

Answer 13

Carnitine and choline; TMA; TMAO; atherosclerosis