III: Fungal and Parasitic Pharmacology Flashcards
Name a first-line treatment for toxoplasma infection
Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
Name two agents related to metronidazole.
Nitazoxamide, Tinidazole
Name two benzimidazoles.
Mebendazole, Albendazole
Which agent? AChR agonist that results in spastic paralysis of worm
Pyrantel pamoate
Which agent? Anti-fungal with skin rashes
Echinocandins
Which agent? Anti-fungals contraindicated in pregnant women
Azoles, Echinocandins
Which agent? Anti-fungals that accumulate in keratin-producing precursor cells
Griseofulvin, Terbinafine
Which agent? Anti-fungals with renal excretion
Fluconazole, Flucytosine
Which agent? Azole used for cryptococcal and coccidioidal meningitis
Fluconazole
Which agent? Benzimidazole agent used for nematode infections and invasive cestode infections
Albendazole
Which agent? Benzimidazole agent used for uncomplicated nematode infections
Mebendazole
Which agent? Benzimidazole agent with better absorption, requiring metabolism for activation, and excretion in urine
Albendazole
Which agent? Benzimidazole agent with poor absorption, metabolism to inactive form, and excretion in bile
Mebendazole
Which agent? Bone marrow suppression and reversible hepatotoxicity that necessitates checking transaminase levels
Flucytosine
Which agent? Broad spectrum anti-fungal, with use especially for invasive infections, including mucormycoses and cryptococcal meningitis
Amphotericin B
Which agent? Calcium ionophore that induces paralysis, detachment, and excretion of worms
Praziquantel
Which agent? Collapses proton gradient
Atovaquone
Which agent? Component of Chinese herbal remedies that generates reactive oxygen species
Artemisinin
Which agent? CYP450 inhibition anti-fungals
Azoles
Which agent? DHFR inhibitor that also enhances atovaquone action
Proguanil
Which agent? Disrupts fungal mitotic spindle by binding to microtubule binding proteins
Griseofulvin
Which agent? Drug interactions with alcohol and disulfiram; may cause headache, neuropathy, hepatic and renal side effects
Metronidazole
Which agent? Effective in erythrocytic stage of all species except resistant falciparum
Chloroquine
Which agent? Fungicidal activity against candidiasis and fungistatic activity against invasive aspergillosis
Echinocandins
Which agent? Generates oxidative stress, enterohepatic circulation
Mefloquine
Which agent? Increases levels of digoxin and anticoagulants
Quinine
Which agent? Infusion-related toxicity, nephrotoxicity, anemia in most patients
Amphotericin B
Which agent? Inhibit glucan synthesis
Echinocandins
Which agent? Inhibits fungal DNA synthesis
Flucytosine
Which agent? Inhibits fungal squalene oxidase to inhibit fungal ergosterol synthesis
Terbinafine
Which agent? Inhibits heme polymerization, peroxidase activity, and catalase activity to cause oxidative stress
Chloroquine
Which agent? Inhibits microtubule formation by binding to beta-tubulin (selective for parasite tubulin) and preventing dimerization
Benzimidazoles
Which agent? Inhibits parasite feeding and generates oxidative stress
Quinine
Which agent? Inhibits protein synthesis, use for protozoan infections, minimal oral bioavailability
Paromycin
Which agent? Inhibits type II topoisomerase and interferes with glucose metabolism
Pentamidine
Which agent? Interacts with ergosterol to create pores in fungal membranes
Amphotericin B (Nystatin)
Which agent? IV infusion anti-fungal
Amphotericin B, Echinocandins
Which agent? Large drug class to inhibit fungal ergosterol synthesis
Azoles
Which agent? May cause cinchonism, hypotension, hemolysis (G6PD deficiency), and stimulation of pancreatic beta cells
Quinine
Which agent? May cause CV (hypotension arrhythmias), CNS (confusion, convulsion, coma), or GI complications
Chloroquine
Which agent? May cause histamine release, hypoglycemia, elevated liver enzymes, impaired renal functiod
Pentamidine
Which agent? May cause neuropsychiatric disturbances or mild CNS toxicity
Mefloquine
Which agent? Moderately broad spectrum anti-fungal with action, including mucocutaneous candida and uncomplicated systemic infections
Ketoconazole/Itraconazole
Which agent? Non-benzidiazole agent used for nematode infections
Pyrantel pamoate
Which agent? Oral route preferred, reduce dosage after 48 hours
Quinine
Which agent? Poor oral absorption, accumulates in tissues with very long half-life
Pentamidine
Which agent? Should be given with Amphotericin B to minimize infusion-related toxicity
Acetaminophen or corticosteroids
Which agent? Systemic treatment of superficial fungal infections
Griseofulvin, Terbinafine
Which agent? Targets anaerobes, used for protozoan infections and pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole
Which agent? Targets pyrimidine pathway by inhibiting SAM-decarboxylase
Pentamidine
Which agent? Terminal half-life of 1-2 months; contraindicated in G6PD deficiency
Chloroquine
Which agent? Uncertain mechanism of action involving electron transport chain, rapidly develops resistance
Primaquine
Which agent? Used against plasmodium infections in hepatic latency phase
Primaquine
Which agent? Used for cestodes and trematodes
Praziquantel
Which agent? Used for cryptospordiosis in AIDS patients
Paromycin
Which agent? Used for giardiasis
Metronidazole
Which agent? Used for MDR falciparum malaria
Mefloquine, Artemisinin, Quinine
Which agent? Used for MDR falciparum malaria, pneumocystis pneumonia, and toxoplama infection
Malarone (Atovaquone/Proguanil)
Which agent? Used for mild/luminal amebiasis
Paromycin
Which agent? Used for pneumocystis pneumonia, West African trypanosomiasis, and visceral leishmania
Pentamidine
Which agent? Used for prophylaxis for visitors to endemic regions
Mefloquine
Which agent? Used for severe amebiasis
Metronidazole
Which agent? Used for treatment of neurocysticercosis
Albendazole
Which agent? Used for trichomoniasis
Metronidazole
Which agent? Used for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis
Paromycin
Which agent? Used in combination with Amphotericin B, especially for CNS infections
Flucytosine
Which agent? Very low bioavailability; may cause permanent damage if used in neurocysticercosis cases
Praziquantel
