Human factors & Shell Model Flashcards
what is the shell model
viewing human beings as the central component in the complex operation of a flight
taking their weakness/strength in isolation and in relation to other components
this helps optimize the pilots behaviour and performance
S - Software (training, procedures, support)
H -Hardware (machines/equipment)
E-environment(where SHL function)
L- Liveware (people in the workplace)
In the centre is ‘L’- the human component (physco + physical) that interact with each of the blocks.
a mismatch between Livewhere (centre) and the other blocks can create human error
What is the L-H
Liveware - Hardware
ex: designing seats to fit humans body’s characteristics
design displays and controls to match users’s sensory info processing
Reading ‘analogue’ presentation is most suitable for qualititive and comprataive information
What is L-S
Liveware - Software
ex: SOPs should be well written and formatted, orders, rules, regulations, phraseology are clear, fixing symbology so they are not abstract, checklists, charts & maps
What is L-E
Liveware - Environment
Ex:
physical environment like temperature, weather, protective systems against radiation, noise, vibrations that can cause pain, backaches, headaches, vision issues, flicker vertigo (naussea)
External weather environment, sleep pattern, jet lag,
Organizational attributes
Economic and political
What is L - L
Liveware - Liveware
ex: leadership, team work, working relationships with pilots, ATC, etc, CRM programs
what is human factor
The performance and behaviour of an individual and group
what does human factors involve
**Psychological and physical aspect of the individual
**
+
interaction with other people, machines, equpiment and operating environment
ergonomics
the study of human efficiency in their operating environment
Liveware
Psychological:
perception, judgement, skills, knowledge, attitude, leadership, personality, decision making
Physiological
Sensory perception
Peronal fitness and wellbeing
why is human factors important
to demonstrate airmanship
to focus on flight safety (reduce threat and human error)
There are 2 broad aspects to human factors
Engineering
- Ergnomics: human limitations and capabilities in the design of machines, objects, processess and environments
- Anthropometry: study of human body measurements
Cognitive psychology:
the study of human behaviour and the mental process (situational awareness, solving and decision making) behind it.
What is the main cause of accidents
Humans
There are intrapersonal issues (inside oneself)
ex: first offer who must challenge a captain
There are **interpersonal issues **(with others)
how to keep your mind on the job and exclude outside influences?
checklists before starting helps divert concentration/reduce distraction from personal stresses
CRM
Crew Relationship Management:
focuses on cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage flights in an aviation organization
- develop effectiveness of crew performance
- improve attitudes towards flight safety and human relationships
- comprimise to get job done
- Feedback, reviewiong flights, monitoring
- delegation
- communication
- prioritization
what is synergism
when the total performance of a crew is > the sum of members
ie. the extra buzz
2 + 2 =5
Airmanship (captaincy)
actions relatiing to being a good aviator (doing a professional job) that involve discipline, skills, knowledge, decision making and risk management
- pre-flight inspections
- maintining rules of air
- checklist
how to increase flight safety
Use all the resources available
1. Your own body (physical and psychological)
2. Information
3. Equipments
4. people on ground or in air with you
as a single pilot, what are some measures to help with decision making
- Knoweldge (know the flight manual)
- Preparation - preflight, route, weather, runway, what happens in emergency, what are alternative routs, who to contact, what’s the safe altitude
what is SMS
Safety management system
tools and skills that allow organisations to manage and metigate risk to a level beyond normal regulatory oversight - it includes
operations procedure & compliance system
good capataincy
engineers that take pride in their work
support staff that don’t overload pilots
fostering professionalism
Proactive vs reactive mindset
constant enhansement of the sms
Automation
relieves pilot’s workload and gives him time for supervision and other tasks
To avoid wrong decisions - the system should be able to report malfunction
moden tech in a glass cockpit facilitates feedback from the machine via concise data for communication on the flight deck
flaws of automation
hypovigilance - cockpit becomes boring/monotonous and erros can go unoticed
pilots can degrade their skills
complacency - too much reliance on the machine and lead to reduced vigilence (ie not checking on things properly)
future shock - machines changes rapidly and can add to stress
how to avoid automation complacency
treat the machine as another crew member
always cross check/do verifications
communication
what is ‘modes’
it’s a system’s functions
more functions, more chances of error
Sometimes a set of functions are grouped to performe one mode
so if you are not familiar with the system, this can cause error
Mode awareness
awareness of active modes, knowing the relevant actions and responses.
it inovles knowledge of the aircraft configurations and their interaction with the modes of the automatic flight system
Essentialloy the pilot is like a ‘Flight deck / system manager’ not controller
mode errors & confusion
Mode error: breakdown in human-computer interaction
mode confusion: when device does something in one way in one mode and another way in another mode - there is an increaed potential for error.
lack of understand of the modes or the automatic system is mode confusion.
what is leadership
interpersonal influence towards achieving a goal
2 types of leadership behaviour
**Task oriented: **achieving the goal is primary in decision making over what others feel
High Task, Low Relationship=aggressive
Relationship oriented: what other feel is primary in decision making over the task.
High Relationship Low Tasl = nurturing/caring
Excessive Motivation
can cause additional stress
(trying to recognized all the time, high self expectations, high demand..)
