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BIo 253 > HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

HIV/AIDS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is HIV and what is AIDS

A

Human immunodeficiency virus & Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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2
Q

_______ is the virus that causes the infection

A

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus & acquired)

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3
Q

how does the virus act in HIV and what does it do

A

virus gets into host cell & replicates (host cell is immune cell, causing problems with immune system)

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4
Q

what type of virus is HIV

A

retrovirus
which means it forms DNA from RNA (reverse other viruses) causing transcription in reverse it targets T helper cells causing profound immune suppression

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5
Q

Et & Transmission

A
  • HIV-1 & HIV-2
  • Sexual (semen - major reservoir, vaginal secretions also contain virus)
  • occupational (health care workers) approx 0.3%: treat all samples as potentially infectious
  • Maternal (in utero, Labor & delivery, lactation)
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6
Q

how many stages are there with HIV/AIDS

A

3

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7
Q

Et & Transmission

A
  • HIV-1 (early days previously prevention in US & western Europe) & HIV-2 (early days restricted to Africa) (no longer geographic isolation of both strains)
  • Sexual (semen - major reservoir, vaginal secretions also contain virus)
  • occupational (health care workers) approx 0.3%: treat all samples as potentially infectious
  • Maternal (in utero, Labor & delivery, lactation)
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8
Q

the 3 stages of HIV/AIDS in detail

A

Primary Infection:

  • weeks to months
  • window period & seroconversion
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9
Q

Primary infection stage of HIV/AIDS

A
  • lasts weeks to months
  • window period (time between contact & time with enough antibodies to measure them) & seroconversion (serology= measuring antibodies, seroconversion measuring antibodies in blood)
  • High Viral Load & decrease CD4 count (cluster of differentiation 4- surface protein on cells, usually occur on t helper cells. target
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10
Q

the 3 stages of HIV/AIDS in detail

A

takes approx 8-12yrs for the 3 stages to progress

Primary Infection:

  • weeks to months
  • window period & seroconversion
  • High viral load & decreased CD4 count

Latent period:
(in earlier part of latency able to spread)
-asymptomatic? (may take years) - some may not go through this stage & may or may not have symptoms
-lymphatic tissue damage (lymphadenopathy)
-recurrent respiratory infections
-Fatigue, Fever (fatigue d/t chronic infections & not having enough resources in body to fight them off)

Over aids:
-approx 10 yrs to develop (in 60-70%) of cases: this is then refereed to as TYPICAL PROGRESSION, if rapid progression aprox 5 yrs, if progresses slow aprx 15 yrs, non progressors small amount (approx 2%)

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11
Q

Primary infection stage of HIV/AIDS

A
  • lasts weeks to months
  • window period (time between contact & time with enough antibodies to measure them) & seroconversion (serology= measuring antibodies, seroconversion measuring antibodies in blood)
  • High Viral Load & decrease CD4 count (cluster of differentiation 4- surface protein on cells, usually occur on t helper cells. target in this virus is T helper cells know surface proteins measurable on T helper cells, measures amount of T helper cells
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12
Q

why does opportunistic cancer happen with HIV & AIDS

A

precancerous dysplasia, in regular immune system detects & attacks, if immunosupression dysplasia moves to anaplaysia & causes cancer

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13
Q

what are the two criteria that tell that you are dealing with the progression to AIDS

A
  • if has more than 20 opportunistic infections or cancer has progressed to AIDS (WHO)
  • CD4 count from 1000 t helper cells dropping to 200 or less & has more than 1 opportunistic disease in place (CDC)
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14
Q

Patho of HIV/AIDS

A
  • Targets T helper cells (CD4- surface protein on T helper cells)
  • Also macrophages & B cells targeted
  • destroys immune system which causes decreased immunity & defenses and increase in new infections & via latent pathogens
  • many (various) organs affect by infections d/t compromised immunity)
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15
Q

Latent period stage of HIV/AIDS

A

(in earlier part of latency able to spread)

  • asymptomatic? (may take years) - some may not go through this stage & may or may not have symptoms
  • lymphatic tissue damage (lymphadenopathy)
  • recurrent respiratory infections
  • Fatigue, Fever (fatigue d/t chronic infections & not having enough resources in body to fight them off)
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16
Q

Diagnosing HIV/AIDS

A
  • clinical presentation
  • ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay): (Ab test), not absolutely specific will measure antibodies against HIV, but will also measure antibodies with similar as HIV, If ELISA positive need to do: Western Blot
  • Western Blot Assay: measures antibodies for specific part of antigen, more specific confirms diagnosis
  • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): amplifies genetic material (can determine a few days after infected), not routinely used tedious, actually measures genetic component of virus very specific, detects the RNA of the virus
  • CD4 counts & Viral Loads- will not be used for diagnosis, used to determine how good management (proportionally reversible when one increase then the other decreases)
  • New rapid serum & saliva tests: quick & accessible, cannot rely on exclusively
  • P24 antigen (protein) -occurs in core of virus, specific for HIV, Its level increases in blood between infection & before seroconversion (early diagnostic test for HIV)
17
Q

Overt aids stage of HIV/AIDS

A

approx 10 yrs to develop (in 60-70%) of cases: this is then refereed to as TYPICAL PROGRESSION, if rapid progression aprox 5 yrs, if progresses slow aprx 15 yrs, non progressors small amount (approx 2%)

18
Q

Mnfts of HIV/AIDS

A

-many manifestations
-opportunistic infections (begin in respiratory tract)
-respiratory (eg. TB & pneumonia)
-GI tract affect through infections ex. diarrhea, gastroenteritis
-Nervous system (eg. Dementia, encephalopathy)
-Cancer: Kaposis Sarcoma (non epithelial in origin, mesenchyme origin) (arises in endotheilial cells
Cervical cancer
non-hodgkins lymphoma

19
Q

Mnfts of HIV/AIDS

A

-many manifestations
-opportunistic infections (begin in respiratory tract)
-respiratory (eg. TB & pneumonia)
-GI tract affect through infections ex. diarrhea, gastroenteritis
-Nervous system (eg. Dementia, encephalopathy)
-Cancer: Kaposis Sarcoma (non epithelial in origin, mesenchyme origin) (arises in endothelial cells, lesions widespread in ex. skin, mouth, lymph nodes
Cervical cancer
non-hodgkins lymphoma

20
Q

Treatment of HIV/AIDS

A
  • No cure
  • manages progression of disease

-HAART (highly active - anti retroviral therapy):
minimal 3 combination (targeting 3 diff steps) antiviral agents
-reverse transcriptase inhibitors(reverse transcription, so cannot form proteins)
-protease inhibitors(virus needs to break down proteins to form more, inhibits this protease)
-entry inhibitors(inhibits entry into host cell virus needs to be in host cell)
-Integrase inhibitors

21
Q

what are some cancers that commonly occur with

A

Kaposis Sarcoma (non epithelial in origin, mesenchyme origin) (arises in endothelial cells, lesions widespread in ex. skin, mouth, lymph nodes
Cervical cancer
non-hodgkins lymphoma

BIo 253 (60 decks)

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