HIV/AIDS Flashcards
what is HIV and what is AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus & Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
_______ is the virus that causes the infection
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus & acquired)
how does the virus act in HIV and what does it do
virus gets into host cell & replicates (host cell is immune cell, causing problems with immune system)
what type of virus is HIV
retrovirus
which means it forms DNA from RNA (reverse other viruses) causing transcription in reverse it targets T helper cells causing profound immune suppression
Et & Transmission
- HIV-1 & HIV-2
- Sexual (semen - major reservoir, vaginal secretions also contain virus)
- occupational (health care workers) approx 0.3%: treat all samples as potentially infectious
- Maternal (in utero, Labor & delivery, lactation)
how many stages are there with HIV/AIDS
3
Et & Transmission
- HIV-1 (early days previously prevention in US & western Europe) & HIV-2 (early days restricted to Africa) (no longer geographic isolation of both strains)
- Sexual (semen - major reservoir, vaginal secretions also contain virus)
- occupational (health care workers) approx 0.3%: treat all samples as potentially infectious
- Maternal (in utero, Labor & delivery, lactation)
the 3 stages of HIV/AIDS in detail
Primary Infection:
- weeks to months
- window period & seroconversion
Primary infection stage of HIV/AIDS
- lasts weeks to months
- window period (time between contact & time with enough antibodies to measure them) & seroconversion (serology= measuring antibodies, seroconversion measuring antibodies in blood)
- High Viral Load & decrease CD4 count (cluster of differentiation 4- surface protein on cells, usually occur on t helper cells. target
the 3 stages of HIV/AIDS in detail
takes approx 8-12yrs for the 3 stages to progress
Primary Infection:
- weeks to months
- window period & seroconversion
- High viral load & decreased CD4 count
Latent period:
(in earlier part of latency able to spread)
-asymptomatic? (may take years) - some may not go through this stage & may or may not have symptoms
-lymphatic tissue damage (lymphadenopathy)
-recurrent respiratory infections
-Fatigue, Fever (fatigue d/t chronic infections & not having enough resources in body to fight them off)
Over aids:
-approx 10 yrs to develop (in 60-70%) of cases: this is then refereed to as TYPICAL PROGRESSION, if rapid progression aprox 5 yrs, if progresses slow aprx 15 yrs, non progressors small amount (approx 2%)
Primary infection stage of HIV/AIDS
- lasts weeks to months
- window period (time between contact & time with enough antibodies to measure them) & seroconversion (serology= measuring antibodies, seroconversion measuring antibodies in blood)
- High Viral Load & decrease CD4 count (cluster of differentiation 4- surface protein on cells, usually occur on t helper cells. target in this virus is T helper cells know surface proteins measurable on T helper cells, measures amount of T helper cells
why does opportunistic cancer happen with HIV & AIDS
precancerous dysplasia, in regular immune system detects & attacks, if immunosupression dysplasia moves to anaplaysia & causes cancer
what are the two criteria that tell that you are dealing with the progression to AIDS
- if has more than 20 opportunistic infections or cancer has progressed to AIDS (WHO)
- CD4 count from 1000 t helper cells dropping to 200 or less & has more than 1 opportunistic disease in place (CDC)
Patho of HIV/AIDS
- Targets T helper cells (CD4- surface protein on T helper cells)
- Also macrophages & B cells targeted
- destroys immune system which causes decreased immunity & defenses and increase in new infections & via latent pathogens
- many (various) organs affect by infections d/t compromised immunity)
Latent period stage of HIV/AIDS
(in earlier part of latency able to spread)
- asymptomatic? (may take years) - some may not go through this stage & may or may not have symptoms
- lymphatic tissue damage (lymphadenopathy)
- recurrent respiratory infections
- Fatigue, Fever (fatigue d/t chronic infections & not having enough resources in body to fight them off)
Diagnosing HIV/AIDS
- clinical presentation
- ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay): (Ab test), not absolutely specific will measure antibodies against HIV, but will also measure antibodies with similar as HIV, If ELISA positive need to do: Western Blot
- Western Blot Assay: measures antibodies for specific part of antigen, more specific confirms diagnosis
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): amplifies genetic material (can determine a few days after infected), not routinely used tedious, actually measures genetic component of virus very specific, detects the RNA of the virus
- CD4 counts & Viral Loads- will not be used for diagnosis, used to determine how good management (proportionally reversible when one increase then the other decreases)
- New rapid serum & saliva tests: quick & accessible, cannot rely on exclusively
- P24 antigen (protein) -occurs in core of virus, specific for HIV, Its level increases in blood between infection & before seroconversion (early diagnostic test for HIV)
Overt aids stage of HIV/AIDS
approx 10 yrs to develop (in 60-70%) of cases: this is then refereed to as TYPICAL PROGRESSION, if rapid progression aprox 5 yrs, if progresses slow aprx 15 yrs, non progressors small amount (approx 2%)
Mnfts of HIV/AIDS
-many manifestations
-opportunistic infections (begin in respiratory tract)
-respiratory (eg. TB & pneumonia)
-GI tract affect through infections ex. diarrhea, gastroenteritis
-Nervous system (eg. Dementia, encephalopathy)
-Cancer: Kaposis Sarcoma (non epithelial in origin, mesenchyme origin) (arises in endotheilial cells
Cervical cancer
non-hodgkins lymphoma
Mnfts of HIV/AIDS
-many manifestations
-opportunistic infections (begin in respiratory tract)
-respiratory (eg. TB & pneumonia)
-GI tract affect through infections ex. diarrhea, gastroenteritis
-Nervous system (eg. Dementia, encephalopathy)
-Cancer: Kaposis Sarcoma (non epithelial in origin, mesenchyme origin) (arises in endothelial cells, lesions widespread in ex. skin, mouth, lymph nodes
Cervical cancer
non-hodgkins lymphoma
Treatment of HIV/AIDS
- No cure
- manages progression of disease
-HAART (highly active - anti retroviral therapy):
minimal 3 combination (targeting 3 diff steps) antiviral agents
-reverse transcriptase inhibitors(reverse transcription, so cannot form proteins)
-protease inhibitors(virus needs to break down proteins to form more, inhibits this protease)
-entry inhibitors(inhibits entry into host cell virus needs to be in host cell)
-Integrase inhibitors
what are some cancers that commonly occur with
Kaposis Sarcoma (non epithelial in origin, mesenchyme origin) (arises in endothelial cells, lesions widespread in ex. skin, mouth, lymph nodes
Cervical cancer
non-hodgkins lymphoma
