Cervical cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

where does cervical cancer happen?

A

because cervix is an opening to the uterus, the wall of the cervix is where the malignancy happens

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2
Q

etiology & risks of cervical cancer?

A
  • HPV infection (human papilloma virus)
  • Hx of STDs
  • multiple sex partners, early age sex
  • smoking (organ specific carcinogens)
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3
Q

Human papilloma virus

A
  • more than 100 strains
  • approx 40 are sexually transmitted
  • strain 6 & 11 cause 90% of genital warts
  • strain 16 & 18 responsible for approx 70% of cervical cancer
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4
Q

strain 6 & 11 of HPV

A

cause 90% of genital warts

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5
Q

strain 16 & 18 of HPV

A

responsible for approx 70% of cervical cancer

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6
Q

what are some things that can be done in protection for cervical cancer?

A
  • gardasil: 3 shots, 0, 2, 6 months protection for approx 6 yrs
  • pap smear (papnicolaou test): smear of cervix, look at epithelial cells in lab if squamous cells normal-negative, if shows squamous cells dysplasia-precancerous squamous cell malignancy 3 different scoring for positives (CIN)
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7
Q

Patho of cervical cancer

A
  • squamous cell origin
  • initial dysplasia (precancerous legion)
  • then carcinoma in situ (in epithelial layer), progresses in cone shape (large to small)
  • later invasive CA (deeper layers)
  • several years between precancerous & invasive stage
  • CIN (levels of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
  • mets via lymphatics
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8
Q

what is CIN

A

levels of cervical intraepthelial neoplasia

CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3

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9
Q

cervical cancer has what kind of cell origin?

A

squamous cell origin

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10
Q

Diagnosing cervical cancer

A
  • PAP smear (for screening & diagnosis)

- colpsocopy (scope cervix & vagina - view cervix to determine location & extent of location)

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11
Q

manifestations of cervical cancer

A
  • vaginal discharge(not purulent, not heavy)
  • metorrhagia (bleeding between menses- abnormal, in women that are post menopausal any vaginal bleeding is abnormal)
  • more frequent menses
  • pelvic/back pain
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12
Q

treatment of cervical cancer

A
  • all cases surgical excision (cervix relatively accessible) found early -excision (some examples of sx: laser surgery, cryosurgery-freezing, probe that has very low temp and causes necrosis
  • if pick up later, invasive- radiation and surgery
  • more advanced- radical hysterectomy
  • conization: surgical instrument that extracts cone shaped tissue
  • LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure) - common for CIN 1&3 (want to remove all)
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13
Q

when is LEEP commonly used (loop electorsurgical excision procedure)

A

common for CIN 1 & 3, because want to remove all of cancer

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14
Q

how many levels of CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) is there?

A

three

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15
Q

CIN 1 (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)

A

-mild dysplasia, LSIL (low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion)

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16
Q

CIN 2 (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)

A

-moderate dysplasia, HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion)

17
Q

CIN 3(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)

A

-severe dysplasia & carcinoma in situ, HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion)