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Micro Post Midterm > HIV 2 > Flashcards

HIV 2 Flashcards

1
Q

major determinant of HIV pathogenesis

A

-virus tropism for CD4 expressing T cells and macrophage lineage cells which are multipotent stem and progenitor cells

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2
Q

how does one get HIV induced immunosuppression (AIDS)

A

reduction in number of CD4 T cells

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3
Q

what happens immediately after infection with HIV

A

long period of silent but dynamic virus replication and diversification with high host cell turnover

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4
Q

what does the HIV virus kill or decimate

A

helper and delayed type hypersensitivity functions of the immune response

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5
Q

how does HIV enter the body

A

in infected macrophages

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6
Q

type of infection one has if the virus is in macs vs. T cells

A

in macs - persistent infection

T cell - lytic and latent infection

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7
Q

what occurs if HIV is present in the macrophages

A
  • mac is a reservoir for the virus
  • dysfunction
  • virus release
  • cytokine release and dysregulation of immune function
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8
Q

what is one susceptible to once HIV proceeds to AIDS

A
  • severe systemic opportunistic infections
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • lymphoma
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9
Q

HIV virus enters the body in infected macrophages. How then do the T cells become infected?

A
  • dendritic cells accumulate the virus on their surface without internalizing them
  • they then carry the virus to lymph nodes for effective infection of the T cells
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10
Q

mechanism of immune evasion of HIV

A
  • antigenic variation
  • carb masking of target epitopes
  • conformational changes by viral envelopes to mask neutralization targets
  • downregulation of HLA
  • viral latency in resting T cells and antigen presenting cells
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11
Q

what are the cytopathic effects of HIV

A

syncytial formation due to the fusion of infected microglia and macrophages in the brain –> HIV encephalopathy

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12
Q

what cannot be detected in the window of acute infection (first year after infection)

A

antibody of HIV – hence have to use another means of testing

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13
Q

what is the best test to use to detect HIV – detecting the virus as soon as 10 days post infection? why is it so effective?

A

RNA test

tests for the virus directly (viral load)

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14
Q

type of test is used to detect HIV as soon as 3 weeks post infection? type of sample needed?

A

antibody and antigen (part of virus itself)

blood sample only

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15
Q

what STD can be detected with NAAT

A

c. trichomatis and n. gonorrhea

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16
Q

what is the goal of HIV treatment?

A

to get HIV RNA levels below assay detection limitis

17
Q

it is important to monitor therapy. what happens if one is taken off antiretroviral therapy (ART) after many years of treatment?

A

viral replication starts back up again

18
Q

what does the HIV viral load tell you

A

how rapidly the progression of the disease is occurring

19
Q

how do you monitor people on antiretroviral therapy (ART)

A

viral load monitoring

20
Q

what occurs in the window period (first year)

A
  • negative HIV test
  • viral load high
  • high risk of transmission
21
Q

what is the goal in opportunistic infection

A

to prevent them because they lead to higher chance of death

22
Q

when do you know that HIV has proceeded to AIDS

A
  • very low T cell count
  • presence of one or more specific infections
  • presence of certain cancer
23
Q

what are the bacterial infection associated with AIDS

A

salmonellosis, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, bartonella henselae, mycobacteria avium complex (MAC)

ST BBM

24
Q

common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients

A

strep pneumonia

25
Q

other causes of pneumonia in AIDS patients

A

h. influenza, staph aureus, pseudomonas

26
Q

virulence factors of strep pneumonia

A
  • colonize oropharynx (surface protein adhesions)
  • spread into normally sterile tissues (pneumolysin and IgA protease)
  • stimulate local inflammatory response
  • evade phagocytic killing (polysaccharide capsule)
27
Q

when does an AIDs patient get mycobacterium avium complex

A

in advanced HIV infection and CD4 count is less than 50

28
Q

body’s response to mycobacterium avium complex (mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare)

A
  • immunocompetent - asymptomatic, solitary nodules, chronic pulmonary localized disease
  • immunocompromised like AIDS patient - disseminated
29
Q

symptom of mycobacterium avium complex (mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium intracellulare)

A

night sweats, weight loss, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, anemia

30
Q

what is the leading cause of death in people with AIDS

A

tuberculosis (1/3 of people with HIV have tuberculosis as well)

31
Q

million of people infected with both HIV and TB – this is referred to as?

A

twin epidemics

Micro Post Midterm (31 decks)

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