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Micro Post Midterm > GI 1 > Flashcards

GI 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens as you move lower and lower down the gastrointestinal tract

A

you get less and less oxygen hence you have anaerobes in the GI tract

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2
Q

at what age does the GI of an infant resemble that of an adults

A

2

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3
Q

when do you see microbes in the stomach

A

when person has gastritis/duodenal ulcers because they take antacids which neutralizes the acid in the stomach –> colonization of bacteria

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4
Q

with growth of teeth, what microbes do you start to see

A

s. sanguis and s. mutans (seen on dental plaques)

s. salivarius

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5
Q

where do you see the largest amount of bacteria

A

large intestine

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6
Q

some anaerobes you will find in the large intestine

A

Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus & Clostridium Plus Enterobacteriacea

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7
Q

what organisms are involved in dental caries

A

lactobacillus spp and strep spp

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8
Q

how does lactobacillus work

A

lactobacillus in plaque metabolizes sugars to form lactic acid which destroys the enamel of teeth

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9
Q

organisms involved in periodontal disease

A

anaerobic bacteria

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10
Q

how do people tend to get esophagitis

A

usually the non infectious route due to gastroesophageal reflux disease

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11
Q

though infectious route of getting esophagitis is uncommon, what types of people get it this route

A

chemo, transplant, HIV

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12
Q

what are the etiological agents in infectious esophagitis

A
  • Candida albicans, CMV, HSV
  • Rare: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Actinomyces, Cryptosporidium, Pneumocystis jirovecii, VZV, EBV
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13
Q

for esophagitis, how do you differentiate between

A

candida: predominant pathogen
CMV - “shallow” ulcers
HSV - volcano ulcers

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14
Q

how do you diagnose esophagitis

A

endoscopy

brushing and biopsy

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15
Q

what are the upper GI infections

A

oral disease (dental caries and periodontal disease) and esophagitis

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16
Q

at risk population for lower GI infections

A

children under 5 years old
elderly
immunocompromised

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17
Q

what is FDA ranking of food hazards

A
  1. Microbial contamination
  2. Naturally occurring toxicants
  3. Environmental contaminants (e.g., metals)
  4. Nutritional problems (i.e., malnutrition, undernutrition)
  5. Pesticide residues
  6. Food additives
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18
Q

biggest cause of gastroenteritis

A

norwalk virus

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19
Q

these 3 microbes are also major causes of gastroenteritis and are routinely checked for in stool

A

campylobacter
salmonella
shigella

20
Q

also a major cause of gastroenteritis, this microbe is checked for if bloody stool

A

STEC O157:H7

21
Q

two big known causes of food borne illness outbreaks in US from 2006-2010

A

norovirus

bacteria

22
Q

characteristic of foods that most likely cause food poisoning

A

highly nutritious and are neutral in pH

23
Q

food borne diseases that have extremely long incubation period

A

hep A and listeria monocytogenes (both over 2 weeks)

24
Q

food borne diseases that have short incubation period

A

staph aureus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, clostridium perfringens (all within a day)

25
Q

how do you differentiate between food borne and food poisoning

A

the incubation period with food poisoning taking shorter before onset of symptoms

26
Q

microbes involved in food poisoning

A

toxins from c. botulinum, s. aureus, b, cereus

fungal and marine toxins

27
Q

difference between food borne and food poisoning

A

in food borne, you eat the food containing the organism that will lead to the symptoms while in food poisoning you actually ingest the toxin

28
Q

difference between colitis and enterocolitis

A

colitis is inflammation of LI

enterocolitis is inflammation of SI and LI

29
Q

define dysentery

A

inflammation of GI tract with blood and pus in feces

30
Q

difference between enteritis and gastroenteritis

A

enteritis is inflammation of the intestinal mucosa

gastroenteritis is inflammation of stomach and intestinal linings

31
Q

differentiate between the three types of diarrhea

A

acute is less than 2 weeks
persistent is between 2-4 weeks
chronic is greater than 4 weeks

32
Q

if one has gastroenteritis with vomiting as the first symptoms, what are the most likely causative agents in infants and older children.adults

A

infants - rotavirus
older children/adults - norwalk like virus
food poisoning due to performed toxins

33
Q

bacterial, fungal, marine/algae involved in food poisoning

A

bacteria - b cereus, c botulinum, s. aureus
fungi - wild mushrooms (amanita, clitocybe, and psilocybes) and aflatoxin (aspergillus)
marine/algae - ciguatera, scombroid, shellfish

34
Q

symptom of food poisoning

A

-usually rapid

vomiting, diarrhea, no fever, no fecal leukocytes

35
Q

what is the exception to rapid onset of food poisoning

A

c. botulinum which can take anywhere from 6hrs - 8 days

36
Q

which food poisoning toxin affects just the CNS

A

C. botulinum

37
Q

which food poisoning toxin affects CNS and intestine

A

s. aureus, b. cereus, mushroom and marine

38
Q

describe the bacteria that is both coagulase and catalase positive

A

staph aureus is a gram positive bacteria that is arranged in singles, pairs, and clusters

39
Q

type of toxin does staph aureus release

A

ST (heat stable) enterotoxin/exotoxin

40
Q

enterotoxin and infective does of staph aureus

A

A, B, C1, C2, C3, D, E, H

10^5-10^8

41
Q

what is the mode of action for staph aureus

A

act on gut receptors
stimulate vomiting (vagus and sympathetic nerves)
no adenylate cyclase

42
Q

symptoms of staph aureus food poisoning

A

watery diarrhea, headaches, muscular cramping/prostration, nausea, abdominal cramp

43
Q

most common solution for staph aureus

A

self limiting so will resolve completely in 24-48hrs

44
Q

incriminated foods in staph aureus

A

cooked meat (fish, poultry), bakery foods (cream-filled), dairy produce, fruit, vegetables & salads

45
Q

when is staph aureus food poisoning commonly seen

A

in summer

then in nov/dec – holiday period

46
Q

what is used for diagnosis of staph aureus

A

baird parker and coagulase test

47
Q

habitat for staph aureus

A

human and animal pathogens so on skin

Micro Post Midterm (31 decks)

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