Bacterial, Viral, Fungi, Infections IV Flashcards

1
Q

common bacteria in acute and subacute endocarditis

A

acute - staph aureus

subacute - strep viridians

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2
Q

when does endocarditis become fatal

A

if left untreated

tx requires use of bacterial antibiotics for a long period of time

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3
Q

what are most strains of staph aureus resistant to

A

penicillin G

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4
Q

what is used to treat staph aureus

A

methicillin (nafcillin, oxacillin)

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5
Q

strains of staph aureus that have become resistant to methicillin

A

MRSA - methicillin resistant staph aureus

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6
Q

differences between MRSA and community acquired MRSA

A
  • CA MRSA usually acquired in hospital
  • CA MRSA is susceptible to clindamycin carries the PVL toxin
  • outpatient penicillin like antibiotics does not work on MRSA
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7
Q

how do you clear uncomplicated skin infections related to CA MRSA

A

incision and drainage plus clindamycin or doxycycline

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8
Q

what does complicate infection related to CA MRSA require for treatment

A

IM or IV antibiotics like vancomycin

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9
Q

when vancomycin is overused, there is an emergence of vancomycin resistant staph aureus. what must be done in the hospital with these patients

A
  • patient placed in strictest of isolation
  • dedicated personnel care for these patients to reduce transmission
  • government agencies get involved
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10
Q

what is VISA

A

vancomycin intermediate staph aureus

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11
Q

why are VISA worse than VRSA

A

more treatment failures in VISA and are harder to detect in laboratory

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12
Q

type of hemolysis is strep viridian

A

alpha hemolytic (must rule out strep pneumonia)

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13
Q

viridian streptocci that causes deep tissue abscesses

A

S. milleri group

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14
Q

viridian streptocci that cause subacute bacterial endocarditis

A

– S. mutans
• Also causes dental caries.
– S. mitis
– S. salivarius plus many others.

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15
Q

how do you detect viridian streptococci and what do you treat with

A

detect with blood cultures

treat with penicillin G for weeks

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16
Q

what do strep viridian like to attach to

A

tiny imperfections on damaged valves

17
Q

how is strep viridian avoided

A

patients with damaged valves are given penicillin as prophylaxis before any dental work to avoid endocarditis

18
Q

nutritionally deficient strep

A

Abiotrophia sp

19
Q

how do you grow abiotrophia

A

cannot grow on ordinary blood agar hence requires specific vitamin or nutrients provided by other bacteria or mammalian cells (aka it needs a feeder colony)

20
Q

what does abiotrophia sp resemble

A

strep viridians or non hemolytic strep species

21
Q

what does abiotrophia cause

A

endocarditis

22
Q

describe enterococcus

A

gram pos cocci in chains
non hemolytic strep
Group D strep

23
Q

where are enterococcus natural habitat and what are they resistant to

A

gut

resistant to bile salts, acids, NaCl

24
Q

major species of enterococcus

A

e. faecalis and e. faecium

25
Q

of the two species of enterococcus, which is more susceptible and which is more resistant/what is it resistant to

A

e. facelis is more susceptible/sensitive (is = is susceptible)
e. faecium is more resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin (um = ultra mean)

26
Q

what type of infections do enterococcus lead to

A
  • opportunistic infections
  • urinary tract infections in women
  • endocarditis
  • wound infections in intensive care units
27
Q

in wound infection in intensive units, what does it mean by a “me-too” organisms in wound

A

enterococcus plus e.coli

enterococcus plus anaerobes

28
Q

what types of conditions lead to opportunistic infections by enterococcus

A

after taking broad spectrum antibiotics such as cephalosporin and gentamicin –> wipe out of normal flora

29
Q

what is e. faecium resistant to

A

ampicillin and vancomycin (common in hospital acquired infections)

30
Q

how do you control e. faecium

A

handwashing, employee education, good cleaning of rooms between patients

Reducing use of vancomycin

31
Q

describe corynebacterium

A
gram pos (non spore forming nor acid fast)
pleomorphic shapes (coccibacilli or irregular rods)
chinese letters
32
Q

two opportunistic pathogens of corynebacterium

A

c. ulcerans and c. jeikeium (jk)

33
Q

types of infections do the two pathogenic corynbacterium cause

A

c. ulcerans - skin infections

c jeikeium - nosocomial bloodstream and wound infections

34
Q

common agents that cause osteomyelitis

A
  • staph aureus (acute and chronic)
  • coag neg staph (chronic and foreign bodies like prosthetic joints)
  • diabetes (mixed aerobes and anaerobes)
35
Q

occasional agents that cause osteomyelitis

A
  • gram neg
  • TB
  • syphilis
  • fungal infections
36
Q

treatment of osteomyelitis

A

surgery and prolonged antibiotics