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Micro Post Midterm > Bacterial, Viral, Fungal Infections I > Flashcards

Bacterial, Viral, Fungal Infections I Flashcards

1
Q

initiation of infection: those that enter through bites/scratches

A

Streptococci., Mixed aerobic/anaerobic

bacteria, Pasteurella, many more species

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2
Q

initiation of infection: those that enter through trauma

A

Cellulitis, fasciitis, myonecrosis, bone inf.

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3
Q

causes of pasteurella multocida

A

deep skin infection, bacteriemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis

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4
Q

what is pasteurella multocida

A

primarily zoonotic and part of normal flora of upper RT

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5
Q

how does one get pasteurella multocida

A

via a cat or dog by bite or scratches, licking of broken skin,

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6
Q

infections in keratinized epithelium and epidermis

A

keratinized epithelium: dermatophytic fungi

epidermis: warts (HPV), impetigo (staph `aureus and group A strep), cold sores (HHV-1)

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7
Q

infections in dermis and hair follicles

A

dermis: cellulitis and erysipelas

hair follicles: folliculitis and abscesses

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8
Q

infection in sebaceous glands

A

acne (propionibacterium acne)

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9
Q

bacteria seen in hot tub folliculitis

A

pseudomonas

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10
Q

where is streptococci normal seens

A

as part of normal flora in oral cavity, GI, and genital tract

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11
Q

features of strep

A

gram positive cocci in chains, classified based on hemolysis on blood agar

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12
Q

features of strep pyogenes

A

gram positive, beta hemolytic, strep that form pus and can occasionally cause purulent infections, infections can be in upper skin layer or it can go deep

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13
Q

toxin of strep pyogenes

A 
pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) once called erythrogenic toxin
minority of strain carry this toxin which is carried on a phage
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14
Q

what does the pyrogenic exotoxin do

A

stimulates cytokine release causing multiple effects like: red rash on skin –> scarlet fever

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15
Q

how is pharyngitis spread

A

direct contact or aerosol

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16
Q

carrier rate of untreated pharyngitis and where it is located

A

1-4 weeks or more after infection as organisms in in throat and sometimes anus

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17
Q

type of infection is scarlet fever

A

group A beta strep infection

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18
Q

symptoms of scarlet fever

A 
strep throat with a characteristic rash
deep red color cheeks, temples, buccal mucosa
strawberry tongue
punctuate hemorrhages on palate
sandpaper rash on trunks, arms, and legs
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19
Q

the exotoxin released from strep pyogenes can be attributed to what symptom in scarlet fever

A

sandpaper rash on trunks, arms, and legs

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20
Q

what is staph aureus

A

gram positive cocci found in clusters and in thick cell walls
often found intracellularly in granulocytes

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21
Q

cultural characteristics of staph aureus

A

grows on blood agar with aerobic conditions
white colony but can become yellow with age
usually beta hemolytic

22
Q

positive for staph aureus in about 30% of population

A

anterior nares

23
Q

virulence factors of staph aureus

A

coagulase, exotoxin, hemolysins, leukocidins

24
Q

diseases caused by staph infections

A

scalded skin syndrome, S. aureus exfoliatins, toxic shock syndrome,

25
Q

how does one get scalded skin syndrome

A

toxin is absorbed into the blood stream with erythema and intraepidermal desquamation occurring at remote sites

26
Q

can staph aureus be isolated from desquamation sites of scalded skin syndrome

A

no

27
Q

what is occurring staph aureus exfoliatins

A

exfoliatins are leading to intercellular splitting of the epidermis – between the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum by disruption of the intercellular junctions

28
Q

in s. aureus exfolatins, if toxin is produced at the site of infection what happens

A

epithelial desquamation at the remote sites of the body –> staph scalded skin syndrome

29
Q

what is toxic shock syndrome characterized by

A

high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, muscle pain, shock within 48 hours with renal and hepatic damage

also skin rash, strawberry tongue

30
Q

describe what happens after skin rash in toxic shock syndrome

A

desquamation at a deeper level than scalded skin syndrome

31
Q

what is the toxin in toxic shock syndrome

A

pyrogenic toxin called toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)

32
Q

what does TSST-1 do

A

stimulates release of cytokines and direct toxic effects on endothelial cells

Stimulates enhanced T-lymphocyte responses by direct interaction with surface receptors on T cell.

33
Q

situation where TSS is usually seen

A

when woman is menstruating and wears tampon for long periods of time – provides environment for products of toxin which is absorbed from the local site (1 in 5 women have staph aureus as part of normal flora of vagina)

non menstrual TSS does occur

34
Q

cause of impetigo and causative agent

A

insect bite or minor abrasion

staph aureus or group A strep

35
Q

what is impetigo characterized by

A

–Small vesicles with erythema

–Become pustular and later crusted

36
Q

complication of impetigo

A

post strep glomerulonephritis 2-4 weeks after skin infection but only if caused by strep pygogenes aka group A strep

37
Q

what can occur after beta strep infections

A

acute rheumatic fever

38
Q

what are characteristics of acute rheumatic fever

A

– Inflammatory disease
• Fever, carditis, subcutaneous nodules, migratory polyarthritis
– Heart valve damage
• Murmurs, cardiac enlargement.
• Repeat infections lead to progressive damage

CCSEA and P-FACE
chorea, carditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythematous marginatum, arthritis, pr elongation, fever, arthralgia, increased CRP and ESR

39
Q

pathogenesis of acute glomerulonephritis

A

antigen-antibody complexes in the kidney (type III hypersensitivity)

40
Q

what population acute glomerulonephritis after strep infection usually seen in

A

children

41
Q

other than straph aureus what other organism can cause TSS

A

strep pyogenes

42
Q

can staph aureus be found together strep pyogenes in impetigo

A

yeah in about 30% of cases

43
Q

coagulase and catalase positive

A

staph aureus

44
Q

is coagulase a toxin

A

no but it plays a role in its pathogenesis

45
Q

coagulase – what does staph coated with fibrin prevent

A

phagocytosis (helps localize the lesion)

46
Q

other biological substances that staph aureus produces

A

Hemolysins, hyaluronidase, nuclease, lipase, protease

47
Q

major cytotoxin of staph aureus

A

staph aureus alpha toxin

48
Q

characteristic of alpha toxin

A

– chromosomally encoded, low molecular weight protein
– Causes necrosis or death in experimental animals
– Causes certain mammalian cell membranes to leak through pores formed by toxin
– Causes RBC’s to lyse.

49
Q

what is panton valentine leukocidin (PVL)

A

it is a cytotoxin that lyses neutrophils and releases enzymes that damages host cells

50
Q

what is PVL associated with

A
  • severe pneumonia
  • severe skin infections
  • common in community acquired methicillin resistant strains

Micro Post Midterm (31 decks)

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