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Micro Post Midterm > Bacterial, Viral, Fungal Infections II > Flashcards

Bacterial, Viral, Fungal Infections II Flashcards

1
Q

what is a furuncle

A

boils develop in hair follicles

-infections at base of eyelashes gives rise to styes

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2
Q

carbuncles are associated with what conditions

A

chronic granulomatous disease and diabetes

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3
Q

what is chronic granulomatous disease

A

genetic disorder where immune cells are unable to kill some types of bacteria/fungi
-disorder can lead to chronic/recurrent infections which is discovered in childhood

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4
Q

large fluid filled pustules

A

bulla

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5
Q

what is bullous impetigo caused by

A

staph aureus that produces exfolatin

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6
Q

in bullous impetigo, what does the large blisters on the superficial layer of the skin contain

A

many staph

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7
Q

common location of carbuncle

A

nape of the neck

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8
Q

what is chronic furunculosis and what causes it

A

chronic boils/furuncles

due to delayed hypersensitivity of staph products (reason for most of the inflammation and necrosis)

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9
Q

mode of transmission for rickettsii

A

insect bite

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10
Q

pathogenesis of ricketsii

A

infects vascular endothelium which causes RBC leakage from breaks in vessels –> rash and petechial lesion

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11
Q

insect in rickettsii ricketsiia aka rocky mountain fever and distribution of the rash

A

tick

centripetal: starts at wrist and goes to trunk then back out to palms and sole of feet

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12
Q

louse borne typhus fever is caused by what

A

rickettsia prowazeki

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13
Q

how is rickettsia prowazekii transmitted

A

body louse/lice

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14
Q

how does the louse get and transmit typhus fever

A

it gets it from an infected person then once it bites someone else and defecates at site, it will die

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15
Q

typhus fever is commonly seen when

A

disease of war and upheaval – epidemics in refugee

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16
Q

how long does it take the rash to show up in typhus fever and describe the rash

A

10 days

it spares the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet – centrifugal

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17
Q

complication of typhus fever

A

gangrene because of compromised circulation due to infection induced vascular injury

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18
Q

how does one diagnose rickettsial disease

A
  • PCR is best (atypical bacteria)
  • enzyme immuno assays for antibody production
  • culture is difficult and hazardous (requires tissue culture or eggs)
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19
Q

transmission of primary classic lyme disease

A

tick bite - spirochete enters the skin

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20
Q

what happens at the bite site of lyme disease

A

3-30 days later:
• Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM). –Slowly expanding red ring.
–Biopsy of leading edge contains organism.
–Disappears within weeks.
• Constitutional symptoms for months.
–Fever, muscle and joint pains.
–Meningeal irritation

21
Q

what is borrelia burgdorferi

A

spirochete shaped organism that is found in low amounts in tissues

22
Q

how to diagnose borrelia burgodorferi seen in lyme disease

A

EIA for antibody screen plus western blot for confirmation
PCR of joint fluid or biopsy of leading edge of new ECM rash
culture and stain are rarely productive

23
Q

inflammation of subcutaneous fat: cellulitis –> what are the organisms

A

– Streptococcus pyogenes
– Staphylococcus aureus
– Pasteurella multocida

24
Q

inflammation of fascia - fascitis –> what are the organisms

A

– Streptococcus pyogenes

– Polymicrobial

25
Q

myonecrosis/gangrene in muscles –> what is the organism

A

Clostridium perfringens

26
Q

presentation and microbiology of cellulitis

A

deeper dermis, subcutaneous tissue, fever, chills, bacteremia

beta hemolytic strep, s. aureus

27
Q

presentation and microbiology of erysipelas

A

upper dermis, superficial lymphatics, fever, pain, lymphadenopathy, rapidly advancing edges of infection, often on face

beta hemolytic strep, rarely s. aureus, group B strep

28
Q

big difference between staph and strep cellulitis

A

strep spread really fast

staph alternates between walling off and rapid extension of infection (so slow then fast then slow)

29
Q

what is erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

gram positive diphtheroid like rod found in animals, meat, and sea food

30
Q

disease associated with erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

erysipeloid which is a painful slowly spreading skin infection

31
Q

transmission of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and commonly seen in whom

A

traumatic inoculation of the skin

commonly seen in fishermen, butchers, veterinarians

32
Q

treatment of erysipeloid

A

penicillin and erythromycin

33
Q

major cause of wound infections

A

staph aureus

34
Q

sources of wound infections

A

patient’s own strain

nosocomial strains spread by health care workers practicing poor hygiene (no hand washing)

35
Q

amount of organism needed to initiate s. aureus infection in wound infection

A

10^5 - 10^6

36
Q

amount of organism needed to initiate s. aureus infection in wound infection if at site of a suture

A

only 10^2 organisms

37
Q

what do coagulase negative staph lack

A

virulence factors of staph aureus
non beta hemolytic
grouped with normal flora

38
Q

how have coagulase negative staph become opportunistic pathogens

A

– Indwelling plastic and metal devices in seriously ill patients.
– Immunosuppressed patients.
– Major surgery involving large areas

39
Q

number one bacteria in CNS

A

staph epidermidis

40
Q

what does staph epidermidis produce

A

extracellular polysaccharide slime and biofilm

41
Q

what does staph epidermidis provide

A

adhesion to indwelling devices such a catheters, artificial heart valves, CSF shunts, hip replacements (because of the slime and biofilm)

42
Q

s. epidermidis provides provides biofilm for organisms hence protecting them from what?

A

phagocytosis and antibiotics

yet they can still obtain nutrients

43
Q

coagulase negative staph that causes infection similar to that of staph aureus minus the toxic shock syndrome

A

s. lugdunensis

44
Q

what does s. lugdunensis cause

A

serious infections which include abscess formation

45
Q

clinical significance of coagulase neg staph

A
  • difficult to determine significance (few colonies are normal in superficial specimen)
  • hence have to collect deep invasive samples to avoid superficial contaminants
46
Q

when is coagulase neg staph considered significant

A

– Present in multiple blood cultures.
– Intracellular Gram-positive cocci are seen in Gram stain.
– Culture shows moderate to heavy numbers on culture plates from wound specimens

47
Q

when is coagulase neg staph considered less significant

A

• Negative plates with pos. broth culture only indicates very low #’s of CNS

48
Q

necrotizing fascitis is due to what bacteria

A

beta hemolytic group A strep

Micro Post Midterm (31 decks)

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