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Micro Post Midterm > GI 4 > Flashcards

GI 4 Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of bacillus cereus caused by food borne infection

A

diarrhea and abdominal pain

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2
Q

incubation and duration of bacillus cereus caused by food borne infection

A

incubation - 8 to 16 hours

duration - 12 to 24 hours

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3
Q

toxin in bacillus cereus caused by food borne infection and it mechanism

A

LT enterotoxin

vegetative growth in SI which activates adenyl cyclase therefore increasing cAMP

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4
Q

differences between bacillus cereus that causes food borne infection and food poisoning

A

food borne - longer incubation period at about 8-16 hours, LT enterotoxin, watery diarrhea due to LT protein

food poisoning - shorter incubation period within 4 hours, emetic toxin, vomiting caused by ST neurotoxin (emetic toxin), enterotoxin

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5
Q

1 parasitic cause of traveler’s diarrhea

A

giardia

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6
Q

situation that lead to infection by giardia

A
  • poor sanitation
  • travel to an endemic area
  • recreational water
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7
Q

mechanism of giardia

A

ingestion of cysts –> trophozoite attach to SI–> replicate via binary fission and destroy brush border –> some mature to cyst

both cyst and trophozoite are passed in feces but trophozoite cannot survive the environment and cysts are the infective form

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8
Q

treatment of giardia

A

tinidazole - esp in those with chronic infection

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9
Q

what occurs if giardia is left untreated

A

most will resolve in 4 weeks while some will become a chronic infection

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10
Q

duration of cryptosporidium

A

self limiting and lasts about 10 days

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11
Q

type of diarrhea in endemic developing countries like tropics and subtropics for cryptosporidium

A

persistent diarrhea especially in children

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12
Q

what is cryptosporidium resistant to

A

chlorination and ozone

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13
Q

pathogenesis of cryptosporidium

A

ingestion of oocysts –> sporozoite –> trophozoite on the brush border of SI –> merozoite –> zygote which can either be released in stool as thin walled oocysts to go infect water or can sporulate and become thick walled oocysts and cause auto infection then go through the cycle again

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14
Q

what type of cryptosporidium stool is infective

A

fresh stool

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15
Q

treatment of cryptosporidium for immunocompromised like AIDs pts

A

supportive therapy

nitrazoanide

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16
Q

found in the tropics and subtropics but is less common and found in clusters

A

cyclospora cayetanensis

[compare to cryptosporidium which is also found in tropics and subtropics and causes persistent diarrhea in children

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17
Q

food that cyclospora cayetanesis was found in

A

cilantro in some clusters imported from Mexico (subtropic)

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18
Q

comparison of the oocysts found in stools of cryptosporidium and cyclospora cayetanensis

A

both use ziehl neelsen stain but cyclospora cayetanensis is bigger

19
Q

treatment of cyclospora cayetanensis

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

TMP-SMX

20
Q

what is found in feces of those infected with cyclospora cayetenensis

A

unsporulated oocysts (as compared to thin walled sporulated oocysts excreted in those with cryptosporidium)

21
Q

where do you find cystoisospora belli (aka isospora belli)

A

South America, Africa, Southeast Asia

rare in the US

22
Q

where is the US do you find infections with cystiosospora belli aka isospora belli

A
  • immunocompromised
  • immigrants from Latin America
  • Daycare Centers
  • Psychiatric institutions
23
Q

incubation and duration of cystiosospora belli aka isospora belli

A

incubation is 1 week

duration is 3 weeks

24
Q

how do you diagnose cystiosospora belli aka isospora belli

A

oocysts found in wet mount and placed under autofluoresence (only one between cryptosporidium and cyclospora where the oocysts fluorescents)

25
Q

treatment of cystiosospora belli aka isospora belli

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

TMP-SMX (same as cyclospora)

26
Q

pseudopod forming protozoa

A

entamoeba histolytica

27
Q

outcomes of infection with entamoeba histolytic

A
  • usually asymptomatic
  • can lead to intestinal amoebiasis (dysentery which contains blood and mucus and amoebic diarrhea)
  • abscesses in the liver
28
Q

incubation and duration of entamoeba histolytica

A

incubation is days to weeks

duration is days to several months

29
Q

diagnosis of entamoeba histolytica

A
  • insensitive to O & P

- use PCR to differentiate the species

30
Q

treatment of entamoeba histolytica

A

nitroimidazoles: metranidazole

31
Q

infective form of entamoeba histolytica

A

cyst with 4 nuclei

32
Q

features of rotavirus

A
  • family of reoviridae

- naked ds RNA with 11 segments (6 structural and 5 non structural)

33
Q

leading cause of diarrhea in hospital of children under the age of 5

A

rotavirus

34
Q

what increases the incidence of rotavirus in developing and developed countries

A

developing - poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water

developed - poor sanitation

35
Q

why are those who are less than 6 months and those greater than 5 not susceptible to infections by rotavirus

A

for those less than 6 months - protected by antibodies transferred to them from mother which declines by six months

those greater than 5 - they have built their own immunity to the virus due to previous infections

36
Q

pathogenesis of rotavirus

A

primarily fecal oral route but could be water borne or air borne

37
Q

incubation of rotavirus and shedding period of rotavirus

A

incubation is less than 48 hours

shedding may persist for 10 days or more but peaks at 8 days

38
Q

histopathology and cause of diarrhea in rotavirus

A

after colonization of SI, rotavirus shorten and blunts the villi causing patchy, irregularly intact mucosa (EPEC does effacement of the microvilli)

as a result of the loss of the absorptive area, water moves across the damages surface causing diarrhea

39
Q

complication of rotavirus and what other illness seems similar

A
  • heavy diarrhea for up to 6 days and even longer
  • dehydration which is severe and life threatening
  • similar to vibrio cholera where the diarrhea was so much, it could lead to hypovolemic shock
40
Q

how does one diagnose rotavirus

A

-peaks at 3/4 days in diarrhea so you use latex agglutination or EIA for characterization

41
Q

what was the first rotavirus vaccine and why was it discontinue

A

Rotashield

-caused intussusception (dehydration in all patients as well)

42
Q

how are the doses of Rotateq given and when was it approved

A

Feb 2006

-3 doses given between 6-32 weeks of age (not before 6 weeks and definitely not after 32 weeks)

43
Q

Glaxo Smith Kline Rotarix is given in what doses and what type of vaccine is it

A

1st at 2 months and 2nd at 4 months

live, attenuated oral, G1P8

44
Q

which serotypes of rotavirus does Rotateq work on

A

G1, G2, G3, G4, P8

Micro Post Midterm (31 decks)

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