hema 2 Flashcards
a heterogeneous group of malignant disorders, which are characterized by the uncontrolled clonal proliferation and accumulation of poorly differentiated blast cells in the bone marrow and other tissues.
acute leukemias
2 hit model of leukomogenesis
diff block + enhanced proliferation
lab eval of acute leukemia
normochromic, normocytic
dec platelets
variable WBC counts
increased WBCs due to blasts
leukemic
blasts without increased WBCs
subleukemic
decreased WBCs with no blasts
aleukemic
secondary to kidney damage
hypokalemia
secondary to the production of a vasopressin-like substance by myeloblasts.
hyponatremia
due to release of purine from lysis of abnormal cells
hyperuricemia
in light microscopy, Auer rods, cytoplasmic granules
AML
no Auer rods or granules.
ALL
promotes staining of granules in neutrophilic and eosinophilic cells
PEROXIDASE
promotes differentiation of MPD (increased) and AML (decreased); seen in white blood cells
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Present in the non-specific granules of promyelocytes and of neutrophils
CHLOROACETATE ESTERASE
Is strongest in monocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and platelets.
a-NAPHTYL ACETATE
It is also positive in basophils and plasma cells.
a-NAPHTYL ACETATE
Intense activity is present in osteoclasts and some macrophages.
ACID PHOSPHATASE
resistant acid phosphatase reaction diffusely prominent in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells is highly characteristic of hairy-cell leukemia.
Tartrate
stains granules of granulocytes and to a lesser degree monocytes BUT NOT lymphocytes
SUDAN BLACK
In the blood from normal people, the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leukocytes stains intensely pink or red, with granular appearance in some cells.
PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF (PAS) STAIN
is a general term applied to all acute leukemias involving cells other than lymphocytes
ANLL
Characterized by immature marrow cells that have been blocked at an undifferentiated or partially differentiated stage of maturation with or without involvement of the peripheral blood
ANLL
ANLL DISPOSITION
MALE
Generally unknown but a combination of several factors
RADIATION
- Radiologists exposed prior to establishment of safety standards
- Patients treated with radiation for AS
- Survivors of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
treatment for multiple myeloma
Phenylalanine mustard/Cyclophosphamide
treatment for Hodgkin disease
Alkylating agents
treatment for Immunoinflammatory disorders
Immunosuppressive agents
potentially carcinogenic
benzene
Purpose is to provide uniformity in classification
FAB Classification
Specific criteria is based on two factors:
- Direction of cell line differentiation
- Degree of maturation of the proliferating cells
