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3rd year > CC LEC MIDTERMS > Flashcards

CC LEC MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Contains C, H, and O

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

The general formula for a carbohydrate

A

Cx (H2O)

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3
Q

of glucose utilization in a resting adult is occurring in the CNS

A

2/3

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4
Q

Major food source and energy supply of the body and stored primarily

A

liver and muscle glycogen

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5
Q

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

most common form of monosaccharide

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

formed when two monosaccharides unit are joined by a glycosidic linkages

A

disaccharide

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8
Q

most common of disaccharide

A

maltose, lactose, sucrose

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9
Q

contains chains of 3 to 10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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10
Q

formed by the linkages of many monosaccharides units, on hydrolysis polysaccharides will yield more than 10 monosaccharides.

A

Polysaccharide

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11
Q

most common form of polysaccharide

A

starch and glycogen

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12
Q

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

Glycogenolysis

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15
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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16
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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17
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

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18
Q

serve as primarily source of energy for human, derived from the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates

A

glucose

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19
Q

Intestinal absorption of carbohydrates occur in the

A

small intestine

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20
Q

Primary hormone responsible for ↓ blood glucose, ↑ glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis; inhibits glycogenesis

A

Insulin

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21
Q

Primary hormone responsible for ↑ blood glucose, enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

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22
Q

Inhibits insulin section, promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal medulla.

A

Epinephrine

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23
Q

Or cortisol, ↓ intestinal entry of glucose, enhances glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal cortex.

A

Glucocorticoids

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24
Q

↓ entry of glucose into the cells and ↑ glycolysis, release from the pituitary is stimulated by ↓ glucose levels, and inhibited by ↑ glucose

A

Growth Hormone

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25
Q

Stimulated the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and ↑ plasma glucose level by
converting liver glycogen to glucose and promote gluconeogenesis.

A

ACTH

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26
Q

↑ intestinal absorption of glucose, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Thyroxine/T4

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27
Q

Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and other endocrine hormones

A

Somastatin

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28
Q

Defined as increased in plasma glucose caused by imbalance of hormones regulating glucose.

A

Hyperglycemia

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29
Q

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both.

A

diabetes mellitus

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30
Q

A decrease plasma glucose level and can have many causes: some are transient and relatively insignificant, but others can be life threatening

A

hypoglycemia

31
Q

Result from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production

A

The warning signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are related to the __________ __________ system

32
Q

tremors, palpitation, anxiety, diaphoresis

A

Neurogenic

33
Q

dizziness, tingling, blurry vision, confusion and behavioral changes

A

Neuroglycopenic

34
Q

criteria for hypoglycemia diagnosis

A

○ Low blood glucose concentration
○ Typical symptoms are seen
○ Symptoms alleviated by glucose administration

35
Q

Serum or plasma must be refrigerated and separated from the cells within

A

1 hour

36
Q

are often used as an anticoagulant and preservatives of whole blood

A

sodium fluoride or gray top

37
Q

Measures the blood sugar at any time without needing to fast, specimen is mostly capillary or anticoagulated whole blood.

A

random blood sugar

38
Q

user friendly with rapid turn-around times and requires only a small sample volume.

A

point-of-care glucose testing

39
Q

Measures the overall glucose homeostasis.

A

Fasting Blood Sugar

40
Q

is defined by results of laboratory analysis
for fasting glucose that fall into the impaired fasting glucose range.

A

prediabetes

41
Q

Timed and a multiple blood sugar test

A

glucose tolerance test

42
Q

aids in the diagnosis of gestational CM and cystic fibrosis-related DM.

A

glucose tolerance test

43
Q

Plasma glucose specimen is collected fasting at __ minutes before glucose load and at ___ minutes after ingestion of glucose.

A

10, 120

44
Q

This test measures the response of the body to a full meal, and determines how the body metabolizes glucose.

A

Two-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar

45
Q

Preferred specimen: is whole blood; anticoagulant of choice is EDTA

A

Glycated Hemoglobin

46
Q

Used for long-term monitoring of glucose over the previous 2-3 months or 18-20 weeks

A

glycated hemoglobin

47
Q

Mostly composed of glycosylated or glycated albumin (plasma protein ketoamine); remaining portions are globulins and lipoproteins

A

Fructosamine

48
Q

Albumin half-life

A

20 days

49
Q

Sample preparation is through performing a lumbar puncture on anytime of the day using standard procedures.

A

CSF Glucose

50
Q

Random or 24-hour specimen.

A

urine glucose

51
Q

Preservatives of urine glucose

A

Glacial acetic acid or sodium benzoate.

52
Q

examinations measure the presence or
absence of a substance.

A

Qualitative

53
Q

examinations provide an estimate (e.g.
%) of how much of the measured substance is present.

A

Semi-quantitative

54
Q

examinations are used for determining the
amount of an analyte in a sample. The amount is always expressed as a number with appropriate units.

A

Quantitative

55
Q

Alkaline Copper Reduction

A

a. Folin-Wu
b. Nelson-Somogyi
c. Neocuproine
d. Benedict’s Test

56
Q

Enzymatic Method

A

a. Glucose oxidase
b. Hexokinase

57
Q

Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose.

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction

58
Q

One of the oldest methods and not specific for glucose determination since other substances (e.g. fructose, lactose, and glutathione) also bring about a reduction.

A

Folin-Wu

59
Q

The blood glucose level when estimated by the Folin-Wu method is _____ than true glucose

A

higher

60
Q

Modification of Folin-Wu method for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in body fluids like blood and urine

A

Benedict’s Test

61
Q

In an alkaline medium, sodium carbonate
converts glucose to enediol and this enediol reduces cupric to cuprous forming cuprous hydroxide.

A

Benedict’s Test

62
Q

Final color formed is dependent on amount of reducing sugar present in given sample, this test is known as

A

semi-quantitative test

63
Q

preferred due to stable and reproducible colors when combined with Somogyi’s alkaline copper reagent.

A

Nelson’s arsenomolybdate

64
Q

Nelson’s reagent contains ______ of which high toxicity is a serious environmental problem

A

Cuprous ion in neutral or slightly acidic
solution (pH 3-9) reacts with neocuproine to form a complex which can be extracted by chloroform-methanol mixture to give ____ solution. The absorbance of the solution can be measured at ____ nm.

65
Q

other name of Alkaline Ferric Reduction

A

Hagedorn Jensen

66
Q

Involves reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to colorless ferrocyanide by glucose

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction

67
Q

other name of Condensation Method

A

Dubowski or O-toluidine

68
Q

Most specific of the nonenzymatic glucose assay methods

A

Condensation Method

69
Q

The enzyme is specific for β-d-glucose, the form of glucose in the blood.

A

glucose oxidase

70
Q

The color formed is ________ to the amount of glucose present.

A

proportional

71
Q

can be used to measure glucose in CSF

A

Glucose oxidase methods

72
Q

One used most often in automated chemistry analyzers.

A

hexokinase

73
Q

are less subject to interference than the glucose oxidase–peroxidase methods, hence this is the most specific method for glucose and the reference method

A

hexokinase

3rd year (20 decks)

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