CC LEC MIDTERMS Flashcards
Contains C, H, and O
CARBOHYDRATES
The general formula for a carbohydrate
Cx (H2O)
of glucose utilization in a resting adult is occurring in the CNS
2/3
Major food source and energy supply of the body and stored primarily
liver and muscle glycogen
simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
Monosaccharides
most common form of monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, galactose
formed when two monosaccharides unit are joined by a glycosidic linkages
disaccharide
most common of disaccharide
maltose, lactose, sucrose
contains chains of 3 to 10 sugar units
Oligosaccharides
formed by the linkages of many monosaccharides units, on hydrolysis polysaccharides will yield more than 10 monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide
most common form of polysaccharide
starch and glycogen
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Decomposition of fat
Lipolysis
serve as primarily source of energy for human, derived from the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates
glucose
Intestinal absorption of carbohydrates occur in the
small intestine
Primary hormone responsible for ↓ blood glucose, ↑ glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis; inhibits glycogenesis
Insulin
Primary hormone responsible for ↑ blood glucose, enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
glucagon
Inhibits insulin section, promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine
Or cortisol, ↓ intestinal entry of glucose, enhances glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal cortex.
Glucocorticoids
↓ entry of glucose into the cells and ↑ glycolysis, release from the pituitary is stimulated by ↓ glucose levels, and inhibited by ↑ glucose
Growth Hormone
Stimulated the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and ↑ plasma glucose level by
converting liver glycogen to glucose and promote gluconeogenesis.
ACTH
↑ intestinal absorption of glucose, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Thyroxine/T4
Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and other endocrine hormones
Somastatin
Defined as increased in plasma glucose caused by imbalance of hormones regulating glucose.
Hyperglycemia
A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both.
diabetes mellitus