CC LEC MIDTERMS Flashcards
Contains C, H, and O
CARBOHYDRATES
The general formula for a carbohydrate
Cx (H2O)
of glucose utilization in a resting adult is occurring in the CNS
2/3
Major food source and energy supply of the body and stored primarily
liver and muscle glycogen
simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
Monosaccharides
most common form of monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, galactose
formed when two monosaccharides unit are joined by a glycosidic linkages
disaccharide
most common of disaccharide
maltose, lactose, sucrose
contains chains of 3 to 10 sugar units
Oligosaccharides
formed by the linkages of many monosaccharides units, on hydrolysis polysaccharides will yield more than 10 monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide
most common form of polysaccharide
starch and glycogen
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Decomposition of fat
Lipolysis
serve as primarily source of energy for human, derived from the breakdown of dietary carbohydrates
glucose
Intestinal absorption of carbohydrates occur in the
small intestine
Primary hormone responsible for ↓ blood glucose, ↑ glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis; inhibits glycogenesis
Insulin
Primary hormone responsible for ↑ blood glucose, enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
glucagon
Inhibits insulin section, promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine
Or cortisol, ↓ intestinal entry of glucose, enhances glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Produced by the adrenal cortex.
Glucocorticoids
↓ entry of glucose into the cells and ↑ glycolysis, release from the pituitary is stimulated by ↓ glucose levels, and inhibited by ↑ glucose
Growth Hormone
Stimulated the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and ↑ plasma glucose level by
converting liver glycogen to glucose and promote gluconeogenesis.
ACTH
↑ intestinal absorption of glucose, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Thyroxine/T4
Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and other endocrine hormones
Somastatin
Defined as increased in plasma glucose caused by imbalance of hormones regulating glucose.
Hyperglycemia
A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both.
diabetes mellitus
A decrease plasma glucose level and can have many causes: some are transient and relatively insignificant, but others can be life threatening
hypoglycemia
Result from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
The warning signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are related to the __________ __________ system
tremors, palpitation, anxiety, diaphoresis
Neurogenic
dizziness, tingling, blurry vision, confusion and behavioral changes
Neuroglycopenic
criteria for hypoglycemia diagnosis
○ Low blood glucose concentration
○ Typical symptoms are seen
○ Symptoms alleviated by glucose administration
Serum or plasma must be refrigerated and separated from the cells within
1 hour
are often used as an anticoagulant and preservatives of whole blood
sodium fluoride or gray top
Measures the blood sugar at any time without needing to fast, specimen is mostly capillary or anticoagulated whole blood.
random blood sugar
user friendly with rapid turn-around times and requires only a small sample volume.
point-of-care glucose testing
Measures the overall glucose homeostasis.
Fasting Blood Sugar
is defined by results of laboratory analysis
for fasting glucose that fall into the impaired fasting glucose range.
prediabetes
Timed and a multiple blood sugar test
glucose tolerance test
aids in the diagnosis of gestational CM and cystic fibrosis-related DM.
glucose tolerance test
Plasma glucose specimen is collected fasting at __ minutes before glucose load and at ___ minutes after ingestion of glucose.
10, 120
This test measures the response of the body to a full meal, and determines how the body metabolizes glucose.
Two-Hour Post-Prandial Blood Sugar
Preferred specimen: is whole blood; anticoagulant of choice is EDTA
Glycated Hemoglobin
Used for long-term monitoring of glucose over the previous 2-3 months or 18-20 weeks
glycated hemoglobin
Mostly composed of glycosylated or glycated albumin (plasma protein ketoamine); remaining portions are globulins and lipoproteins
Fructosamine
Albumin half-life
20 days
Sample preparation is through performing a lumbar puncture on anytime of the day using standard procedures.
CSF Glucose
Random or 24-hour specimen.
urine glucose
Preservatives of urine glucose
Glacial acetic acid or sodium benzoate.
examinations measure the presence or
absence of a substance.
Qualitative
examinations provide an estimate (e.g.
%) of how much of the measured substance is present.
Semi-quantitative
examinations are used for determining the
amount of an analyte in a sample. The amount is always expressed as a number with appropriate units.
Quantitative
Alkaline Copper Reduction
a. Folin-Wu
b. Nelson-Somogyi
c. Neocuproine
d. Benedict’s Test
Enzymatic Method
a. Glucose oxidase
b. Hexokinase
Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose.
Alkaline Copper Reduction
One of the oldest methods and not specific for glucose determination since other substances (e.g. fructose, lactose, and glutathione) also bring about a reduction.
Folin-Wu
The blood glucose level when estimated by the Folin-Wu method is _____ than true glucose
higher
Modification of Folin-Wu method for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in body fluids like blood and urine
Benedict’s Test
In an alkaline medium, sodium carbonate
converts glucose to enediol and this enediol reduces cupric to cuprous forming cuprous hydroxide.
Benedict’s Test
Final color formed is dependent on amount of reducing sugar present in given sample, this test is known as
semi-quantitative test
preferred due to stable and reproducible colors when combined with Somogyi’s alkaline copper reagent.
Nelson’s arsenomolybdate
Nelson’s reagent contains ______ of which high toxicity is a serious environmental problem
Cuprous ion in neutral or slightly acidic
solution (pH 3-9) reacts with neocuproine to form a complex which can be extracted by chloroform-methanol mixture to give ____ solution. The absorbance of the solution can be measured at ____ nm.
other name of Alkaline Ferric Reduction
Hagedorn Jensen
Involves reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to colorless ferrocyanide by glucose
Alkaline Ferric Reduction
other name of Condensation Method
Dubowski or O-toluidine
Most specific of the nonenzymatic glucose assay methods
Condensation Method
The enzyme is specific for β-d-glucose, the form of glucose in the blood.
glucose oxidase
The color formed is ________ to the amount of glucose present.
proportional
can be used to measure glucose in CSF
Glucose oxidase methods
One used most often in automated chemistry analyzers.
hexokinase
are less subject to interference than the glucose oxidase–peroxidase methods, hence this is the most specific method for glucose and the reference method
hexokinase
