CC LEC MIDTERMSSSS Flashcards
Three general types of such compounds are
⚫ Carbohydrates (CHO)
⚫ Amino acids
⚫ And lipids
are the primary source of energy for brain, erythrocytes and retinal cells
Carbohydrates
Stored primarily as liver & muscle glycogen
Carbohydrates
General formula of Carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
Classification of CHO is based on four different properties:
- The size of the base carbon chain
- The location of the CO functional group
- The number of sugar units
- The stereochemistry of the compound
The size of the base carbon chain can be classified based on the number of carbons in the molecule
⚫ Trioses ( 3 Carbons)
⚫ Tetroses
⚫ Pentoses
⚫ And hexoses
aldehyde as functional group
Aldose form
ketone as functional group
Ketose form
Classification based on the number of sugar units in the chain
- Monosaccharide
- Disaccharide (2 sugars linked together)
- Oligosaccharide (2-10 linked sugars)
- Polysaccharide (long sugar chains)
Simplest sugars; cannot be broken down into any simpler sugar
Monosaccharide
Important pentose (5 carbon) sugars include
ribose and 2-deoxyribose
Formed from two monosaccharide with the production of water.
Disaccharides
Most common form of Disaccharides is
Sucrose (table sugar) which is glucose and fructose
(glucose and galactose)
Lactose
(glucose and glucose)
Maltose
not digested by humans.
Plants (cellulose)
principal CHO (polysaccharide) storage product of plants
Starch
principal CHO storage product in animal.
Glycogen
formed by the combination of monosaccharide.
Glycogen
Mirror image forms
Stereochemistry
right side OH
D
left side OH
L
are based on the configuration about the single asymmetric C
D & L designations
is a primary source of energy
Glucose
tissue cannot concentrate or store
CHO
Nervous
digest the nonabsorbable forms of
Carohydrates to dextrin and disaccharide which are hydrolyzed to monosaccharide
Amylase
is an enzyme released by intestinal
mucosa that hydrolyzes maltose to two glucose unit
Maltase
hydrolyze sucrose to glucose &
fructose
Sucrose
hydrolyze lactose to glucose &
galactose.
Lactase
is the only CHO to be directly used
for energy or stored as glycogen.
Glucose
due to a deficiency of lactase enzyme on or in the intestinal lumens, which is needed to metabolize lactose
Lactose intolerance
Ultimate goal is to convert glucose to
Carbon dioxide & Water
Glucose-6- phosphate enters the pathways
(EHG)
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Hexose Monophosphate shunt
Glucogenesis (storage of glucose as glycogen)
Breakdown of glucose for energy production
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis occurs when
plasma glucose is decreased
is a quickly accessible storage form of glucose
Glycogen
Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen
Glycogenesis
Conversion of non-carbohydrate carbon substrates to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the
Liver
Conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids
Lipogenesis
another energy storage form, but not as quickly accessible as glycogen
Lipogenesis
Decomposition of fat
Lipolysis
Primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell.
Insulin
Synthesized in the _____ of langerhans in the pancreas.
Beta cells of islet
Is the only hormone that decreases
glucose levels and is referred as a
hypoglycemic agent.
Insulin
Peptide hormone that is synthesized by the alpha cells of the Islets cells of the pancreas
Glucagon
Released during stress and fasting states.
Glucagon
Released in response to decreased body glucose.
Glucagon
Hormone produced by the adrenal gland
Epinephrine
Primarily cortisol is released when
stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone
Glucocorticoids
Insulin antagonist
Glucocorticoids
The thyroid gland releases
Thyroxine
Produced by the delta cells of the lslets of Langerhans of the pancreas
Somatostatin
The inhibition of insulin, glucagon
Somatostatin
Increase in plasma glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia is caused by an
Hormonal imbalance
Metabolic diseases characterized by
hyperglycemia resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both
Diabetes Mellitus
Type I
Insulin dependent
Type 2
Non insulin dependent
Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin
Due to cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of
the β-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus commonly occurs in
Children
Characteristics of T1DM
⚫ Abrupt onset
⚫ Insulin dependence
⚫ Ketosis tendency
One or more of the following markers are found in 85% to 90% of individuals with fasting hyperglycemia
⚫ Islet cell autoantibodies (ICA)
⚫ Insulin autoantibodies (IAA)
⚫ Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD-65)
⚫ IA-2A protein tyrosine phosphatase
plasma levels >126 mg/dL
Hyperglycemia
plasma glucose >180 mg/dL
Glucosuria
