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3rd year > CC LEC MIDTERMSSSS > Flashcards

CC LEC MIDTERMSSSS Flashcards

1
Q

Three general types of such compounds are

A

⚫ Carbohydrates (CHO)
⚫ Amino acids
⚫ And lipids

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2
Q

are the primary source of energy for brain, erythrocytes and retinal cells

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Stored primarily as liver & muscle glycogen

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

General formula of Carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

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5
Q

Classification of CHO is based on four different properties:

A
  1. The size of the base carbon chain
  2. The location of the CO functional group
  3. The number of sugar units
  4. The stereochemistry of the compound
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6
Q

The size of the base carbon chain can be classified based on the number of carbons in the molecule

A

⚫ Trioses ( 3 Carbons)
⚫ Tetroses
⚫ Pentoses
⚫ And hexoses

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7
Q

aldehyde as functional group

A

Aldose form

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8
Q

ketone as functional group

A

Ketose form

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9
Q

Classification based on the number of sugar units in the chain

A
  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Disaccharide (2 sugars linked together)
  3. Oligosaccharide (2-10 linked sugars)
  4. Polysaccharide (long sugar chains)
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10
Q

Simplest sugars; cannot be broken down into any simpler sugar

A

Monosaccharide

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11
Q

Important pentose (5 carbon) sugars include

A

ribose and 2-deoxyribose

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12
Q

Formed from two monosaccharide with the production of water.

A

Disaccharides

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13
Q

Most common form of Disaccharides is

A

Sucrose (table sugar) which is glucose and fructose

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14
Q

(glucose and galactose)

A

Lactose

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15
Q

(glucose and glucose)

A

Maltose

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16
Q

not digested by humans.

A

Plants (cellulose)

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17
Q

principal CHO (polysaccharide) storage product of plants

A

Starch

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18
Q

principal CHO storage product in animal.

A

Glycogen

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19
Q

formed by the combination of monosaccharide.

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

Mirror image forms

A

Stereochemistry

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21
Q

right side OH

A

D

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22
Q

left side OH

A

L

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23
Q

are based on the configuration about the single asymmetric C

A

D & L designations

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24
Q

is a primary source of energy

A

Glucose

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25
Q

tissue cannot concentrate or store
CHO

A

Nervous

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26
Q

digest the nonabsorbable forms of
Carohydrates to dextrin and disaccharide which are hydrolyzed to monosaccharide

A

Amylase

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27
Q

is an enzyme released by intestinal
mucosa that hydrolyzes maltose to two glucose unit

A

Maltase

28
Q

hydrolyze sucrose to glucose &
fructose

A

Sucrose

29
Q

hydrolyze lactose to glucose &
galactose.

A

Lactase

30
Q

is the only CHO to be directly used
for energy or stored as glycogen.

A

Glucose

31
Q

due to a deficiency of lactase enzyme on or in the intestinal lumens, which is needed to metabolize lactose

A

Lactose intolerance

32
Q

Ultimate goal is to convert glucose to

A

Carbon dioxide & Water

33
Q

Glucose-6- phosphate enters the pathways

A

(EHG)
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Hexose Monophosphate shunt
Glucogenesis (storage of glucose as glycogen)

34
Q

Breakdown of glucose for energy production

A

Glycolysis

35
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

36
Q

Glycogenolysis occurs when

A

plasma glucose is decreased

37
Q

is a quickly accessible storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

38
Q

Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

39
Q

Conversion of non-carbohydrate carbon substrates to glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

40
Q

Gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the

A

Liver

41
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

42
Q

another energy storage form, but not as quickly accessible as glycogen

A

Lipogenesis

43
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

44
Q

Primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell.

A

Insulin

45
Q

Synthesized in the _____ of langerhans in the pancreas.

A

Beta cells of islet

46
Q

Is the only hormone that decreases
glucose levels and is referred as a
hypoglycemic agent.

A

Insulin

47
Q

Peptide hormone that is synthesized by the alpha cells of the Islets cells of the pancreas

A

Glucagon

48
Q

Released during stress and fasting states.

A

Glucagon

49
Q

Released in response to decreased body glucose.

A

Glucagon

50
Q

Hormone produced by the adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine

51
Q

Primarily cortisol is released when
stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Glucocorticoids

52
Q

Insulin antagonist

A

Glucocorticoids

53
Q

The thyroid gland releases

A

Thyroxine

54
Q

Produced by the delta cells of the lslets of Langerhans of the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

55
Q

The inhibition of insulin, glucagon

A

Somatostatin

56
Q

Increase in plasma glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

57
Q

Hyperglycemia is caused by an

A

Hormonal imbalance

58
Q

Metabolic diseases characterized by
hyperglycemia resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

A

Diabetes Mellitus

59
Q

Type I

A

Insulin dependent

60
Q

Type 2

A

Non insulin dependent

61
Q

Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin

62
Q

Due to cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of
the β-cells of the pancreas, causing an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

63
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus commonly occurs in

A

Children

64
Q

Characteristics of T1DM

A

⚫ Abrupt onset
⚫ Insulin dependence
⚫ Ketosis tendency

65
Q

One or more of the following markers are found in 85% to 90% of individuals with fasting hyperglycemia

A

⚫ Islet cell autoantibodies (ICA)
⚫ Insulin autoantibodies (IAA)
⚫ Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD-65)
⚫ IA-2A protein tyrosine phosphatase

66
Q

plasma levels >126 mg/dL

A

Hyperglycemia

67
Q

plasma glucose >180 mg/dL

A

Glucosuria

3rd year (26 decks)

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