aubf leeccc Flashcards
Major body fluid
CSF
Clear and colorless liquid composed primarily of water
CSF
FUNCTIONS OF CSF
- Mechanical protection
- Homeostatic function
- Circulation
Vol of CSF
- 20 mL/hour
- Adult: 90 – 150 mL
- Neonate: 10 – 60 mL
Protective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain.
Meninges
Dense irregular connective tissue(Hard Mother)
Dura mater
Thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers (spiderweb-like)
Arachnoid mater
Thin, transparent connective tissue layer (gentle mother)
Pia mater
FORMATION of CSF
- 3rd choroid plexus
- Selected substances from the blood plasma
- Filtered from capillaries
- Secreted by ependymal cells
Tube 1
Chemistry and serology
Tube 2
Microbiology
Tube 3
Hematology
Tube 4
additional tests
LUMBAR PUNCTURE
- Spinal tap
- Performed by a physician
- Between L3 and L4/L4 and L5
- Flexion of vertebral column
is used to describe CSF supernatant that is pink, orange, or yellow
Xanthochromic
Heaviest concentration of blood in
tube 1
Clot formation
Introduction of plasma fibrinogen into the specimen
In Xanthochromic, Result of blood that has been present longer than that introduced by the
Traumatic Tap
Most frequently performed chemical test
protein determination
Decreased CSF Protein
*CSF leakage/trauma
*Recent puncture
*Rapid CSF production
*Water intoxication
Identify the causative agent of meningitis.
Microbiology test
Bacterial meningitis hrs
24
Tubercular meningitis
6 weeks
tests for microbiology
*Gram stain
*Acid-fast stain
*India ink preparation
*Latex agglutination
Performed to detect the presence of neurosyphilis
Serologic testing
Recommended by the CDC
Venereal Disease Research Laboratories (VDRL)
*Not recommended
*Less sensitive than VDRL
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
4 fractions
- Testes and epididymis
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
Location of germ cells for spermatozoa production
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (5%)
Site of sperm maturation and
development of flagella.
EPIDIDYMIS
process of maturation
90 days
Receive sperm from the vas deferens and fluid from the seminal vesicles.
EJACULATORY DUCTS
60 to 70% of fluid present in
semen
SEMINAL VESICLES
Provides energy needed for the
flagella to propel through the
female reproductive tract
Fructose
Gray appearance of semen
Flavin
LOCATION of Prostate glands
Below the bladder surrounding the upper urethra
propels the sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation
Prostate glands
20-30% of semen volume
Prostate glands
LOCATION of bulbourethral glands
below the prostate
5% of semen volume
Bulbourethral glands
Neutralizes acidity from prostate secretions and vagina
THICK AND ALKALINE MUCUS
WITHOUT NEUTRALIZATION:
Diminished sperm motility
Appearance
Normal:
Clear:
Turbid:
Red:
Yellow:
gray white, musty odor
Low sperm conc
WBC and infection
RBC
Contamination/prolonged abstinence/medication
normal vol of semen
2-5ml
ratings of viscosity
0 (watery) to 4 (gel-like)
ph of sperm
7.2 to 8.0
> 8.0
infection within the reproductive tract
SPERM CONCENTRATION
> 20 million/mL
SPERM COUNT
> 40 million/ejaculate
complete lack of semen
Aspermia
absence of sperm in the semen
AZOOSPERMIA
Necrotic sperm in fresh sample
NECROSPERMIA/NECROZOOSPERMIA:
<15 million/mL of semen
OLIGOSPERMIA/OLIGOZOOSPERMIA
sperm morphology
60 μm long
major parts of sperm
head & tail
head
4 to 5 μm long
enzymes in head
Hyaluronidase and Protease
covers 2/3 of the nucleus
Acrosome
23 highly condensed chromosomes
nucleus
FAILURE TO LIQUEFY:
deficiency in prostatic enzymes
LIQUEFACTION time
30-60mins
MISSING 1ST PORTION
decreased sperm count/ increased pH/ specimen will not liquefy
MISSING LAST PORTION
increased sperm count/ decreased pH/ specimen will not clot
TAIL
constricted region
NECK
TAIL
contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral
MIDDLE PIECE
TAIL
longest portion
PRINCIPAL
TAIL
Tapering portion
END PORTION
increased amount of abnormally shaped sperm
TERATOZOOSPERMIA
Sperm penetration assay
HAMSTER EGG PENETRATION
Evaluates the functional integrity of the sperm’s plasma membrane
HYPO-OSMOTIC SWELLING
Stimulation of acrosome reaction by substances such as progesterone or follicular fluid.
IN VITRO ACROSOME REACTION
a form of birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to the semen.
VASECTOMY
Clear, Slightly Yellow Fluid
surrounding the fetus during pregnancy
Amniotic Fluid
Composition of amniotic fluid
- Maternal Plasma
- Fetal urine
- Secretions from the Amniotic Membranes.
Amniotic fluid resides within the
amnion
The amnion is composed of metabolically
active cuboidal cells
Acts as a buffer to shield the fetus from mechanical trauma and external pressures.
Protective Cushion
Allows unrestricted movement within the uterus, promoting musculoskeletal development.
Facilitates Fetal Movement
Maintains a stable intrauterine environment, protecting the
fetus from temperature fluctuations.
Temperature Regulation
Permits fetal breathing movements and assists in the growth and maturation of fetal lungs.
Supports Lung Development
Early Pregnancy (First Trimester)
The fluid is composing of
maternal plasma
Mid to Late Pregnancy (Second to Third Trimester)
fetal urine & lung fluid
Water and solutes are absorbed into the fetal vascular system.
Intramembranous flow
Amniotic fluid is swallowed, absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, and re-circulated as
urine
amount in early pregnancy
60 mL at 12 weeks’ gestation
peak volume
800 to 1200 mL during the third trimester
> 1200 mL.
POLYHYDRAMNIOS
<800 mL
OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS
electrolytes in amniotic fluid
Sodium, potassium, chloride
Shed from the skin, digestive system, and urinary tract; important for cytogenetic analysis.
Sloughed Fetal Cells
Produced by the fetus and measured for health and maturity
Biochemical Substances
Assessed for hemolytic disease.
Bilirubin
Includes surfactants like lecithin and sphingomyelin
Lipids
Mark fetal renal function
Urea, Creatinine, and Uric Acid
is performed during pregnancy to gather critical information about the health, development, and maturity of the fetus. It is recommended at different stages of gestation depending on the specific concern
Amniocentesis
when is Amniocentesis conducted
15 and 18 weeks of gestation
The fluid should be placed on ice for delivery and stored under refrigeration until analysis
Fetal Lung Maturity (FLM) Tests
Samples must be protected from light to prevent degradation of bilirubin
Bilirubin Testing
These specimens must be handled aseptically and maintained at room temperature or incubated at body temperature (37°C) to preserve cellular viability for analysis.
Cytogenetic and Microbial Studies
Amniotic fluid should be separated from cellular elements and debris as soon as possible to prevent alterations caused by cellular metabolism or breakdown.
Chemical Testing
a dark green material formed from fetal intestinal secretions and swallowed amniotic fluid
meconium
This color is associated with fetal death.
Dark Red-Brown Fluid
