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3rd year > AUBF LECCC > Flashcards

AUBF LECCC Flashcards

1
Q

references to the study of urine.

A

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

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2
Q

Basic Observations of urine

A

color
turbidity
odor
volume
viscosity
sweetness

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3
Q

Color charts had been developed

A

1140 CE

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4
Q

Thomas Bryant published a book about

A

Pisse prophets

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5
Q

Urinalysis began to disappear.

A

1930

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6
Q

TWO UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE SPECIMENS

A
  1. Readily available
  2. Contains information on body’s metabolic function
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7
Q

Approximately ______ of filtered plasma is converted.

A

170,000 mL

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8
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES:

A
  1. Dietary intake
  2. Physical activity
  3. Body metabolism
  4. Endocrine function
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9
Q

Primary organic component

A

Urea

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10
Q

Product of creatine metabolism

A

Creatinine

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11
Q

Product of breakdown of nucleic acid

A

Uric acid

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12
Q

Primary inorganic component

A

Chloride

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13
Q

Primarily from salts

A

Sodium

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14
Q

Combined with chloride and other salts

A

Phosphate

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15
Q

Combined with sodium to buffer the blood

A

Phospate

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16
Q

Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

Ammonium

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17
Q

Normal daily urine output

A

1200 - 1500ml

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18
Q

Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate

A

Calcium

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19
Q

Decreased urine output

A

Oliguria

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20
Q

Reference range for oliguria

A
  • Infants: less than 1mL/kg/hour
  • Children: less than 0.5mL/kg/hour
  • Adults: less than 400 mL/day
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21
Q

Cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

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22
Q

Increased urine excretion during the night

A

Nocturia

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23
Q

Increased daily urine volume

A

Polyuria

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24
Q

Reference range for polyuria

A
  • Adults: greater than 2.5L/day
  • Children: 2.5 – 3mL/kg/day
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25
Q

Changes in Unpreserved Urine
Breakdown of urea to ammonia/Loss of CO2

A

pH

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26
Q

Multiplication

A

Bacteria

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27
Q

Bacterial multiplication

A

Odor

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28
Q

Multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria

A

Nitrite

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29
Q

IDEAL URINE PRESERVATIVE:

A
  • Bactericidal
  • Preserve formed elements
  • Inhibits urease
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30
Q
  • Most commonly receive specimen
  • Collected at any time
  • Purpose: Routine screening
A

Random

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31
Q
  • Ideal screening specimen
  • Concentrated specimen
A

First morning

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32
Q

Quantitative chemical test results

A

24-HOUR OR TIMED SPECIMEN

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33
Q

Begin and end the collection period with an empty bladder.

A

24-HOUR OR TIMED SPECIMEN

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34
Q

Solutes with diurnal variations:

A
  • Catecholamines
  • 17-hydroxysteroids
  • Electrolytes
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35
Q

Alternative to catheterized specimen
Routine screening and bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean-catch

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36
Q

Collected by the external introduction of needle

A

SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION

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37
Q
  • 1st specimen:
A

First passed urine

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38
Q

2nd specimen

A

Midstream portion

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39
Q

3rd specimen

A

prostate fluid and remaining urine

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40
Q

Examined microscopically

A

1st and 3rd

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41
Q

Control for bladder and kidney infection

A

2nd specimen

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42
Q

Volume needed for drug testing

A

30-45ml

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43
Q

CONSIDERATIONS FOR TAMPERED SPECIMENS

A
  • Temperature within 4 minutes of voiding: not within 32.5 - 37.7 °C
  • Color: signs of contaminants
  • pH: greater than 9
  • Specific gravity: less than 1.005
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44
Q

vital bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, just below the ribcage.

A

kidney

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45
Q

The kidneys are composed of two main regions

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
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46
Q

is the outer layer of the kidney, containing the majority of the glomeruli, which are essential for filtering blood.

A

Cortex

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47
Q

located deeper within the kidney, consists of renal pyramids and is primarily involved in concentrating urine.

A

Medulla

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48
Q

Each kidney houses approximately (nephrons)

A

1 - 1.5 million nephrons

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49
Q

are microscopic structures that filter blood, remove waste products, and balance the body’s fluids and electrolytes.

A

nephrons

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50
Q

Comprising about 85% of the total nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

51
Q

essential for filtering waste products from the blood and reabsorbing necessary nutrients and water back into the bloodstream.

A

Cortical nephrons

52
Q

These nephrons are situated near the junction of the cortex and medulla, with their loops of Henle extending deep into the medulla.

A

Juxtamedullary

53
Q

primarily responsible for the concentration of urine

A

Juxtamedullary

54
Q

The process of filtration occurs

A

glomerulus

55
Q

The process of reabsorption occurs in

A

PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct

55
Q

The process of secretion occurs in

A

DCT, collecting duct

55
Q

The process of Excretion occurs in

A

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder

56
Q

Water reabsorption is regulated by

A

antidiuretic hormone

56
Q

Water reabsorption is particularly significant

A

loop of Henle and collecting duct

57
Q

the pigment responsible for the
yellow hue, typically ranges from pale yellow to deep amber.

A

urochrome

58
Q

is a byproduct of endogenous metabolism and is produced at a
relatively constant rate under normal conditions.

A

urochrome

59
Q

The journey of urochrome starts with the

A

breakdown of hemoglobin

60
Q

hemoglobin is degraded primarily in the liver and spleen. During this
process, hemoglobin is converted into a substance called

A

bilirubin

61
Q

is a precursor to several important substances and can be
absorbed into the bloodstream or continue its journey through the intestines.

A

urobilinogen

62
Q

the final product of this metabolic pathway, is what gives urine its characteristic yellow color

A

urobilin

63
Q

A pink pigment that becomes more apparent when urine is refrigerated, causing amorphous urates to precipitate.

A

uroerythin

64
Q

An oxidation product of urobilinogen, this pigment imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

A

urobilin

65
Q

it can be suspected if a yellow
foam appears when the urine is shaken

A

presence of bilirubin

66
Q

Conditions like ______ can lead to elevated bilirubin levels

A

hepatitis
cirrhosis,
bile duct obstruction

67
Q

Medications such as used for urinary tract infections can impart a bright orange hue to the urine.

A

phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin

68
Q

The most common cause of red, pink, or brown urine is the presence of

A

blood

69
Q

Red or brown urine with blood may indicate bleeding in the urinary tract, such as from the

A

kidney, bladder, urethra

70
Q

Presence of hemoglobin in the urine, often due to hemolysis or severe bleeding. Urine is red and typically cloudy

A

hemoglobinuria

71
Q

Presence of myoglobin in the urine, often due to muscle injury or rhabdomyolysis. Urine is red but remains clear.

A

Myoglobinuria

72
Q

Urine containing ______ may appear red, resembling the color of port wine.

A

porphyrins

73
Q

Urine containing porphyrins can appear red due to the oxidation of

A

porphobilinogen

74
Q

Brown or black urine that turns color upon standing may contain melanin, an oxidation product of melanogen associated with

A

malignant melanoma

75
Q

the presence of melanin in urine

A

melaninuria

76
Q

metabolic byproduct resulting from the breakdown of tyrosine and phenylalanine

A

Hemogentisic acid

77
Q

an inherited metabolic disorder, homogentisic acid accumulates in the body and can cause urine to turn black, particularly when it is alkaline

A

alkaptonuria

78
Q

The presence of homogentisic acid in urine is a key indicator of

A

alkaptonuria

79
Q

Pathogenic causes of blue or green urine are often linked to

A

bacterial infections

80
Q

can lead to green urine due to the production of pigments like pyocyanin and pyoverdin.

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

81
Q

A muscle relaxant that can cause urine discoloration.

A

methocarbamol

82
Q

An antidepressant that can cause green urine due to its metabolites

A

Amitriptyline

83
Q

refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen and is an essential aspect of the physical examination in urinalysis

A

turbidity

84
Q

(COLOR)
This is typically considered normal and indicates that the urine is free from significant suspended particles.

A

Clear

85
Q

The urine is slightly opaque, with some particles that make it difficult to see through. This may suggest the presence of small amounts of cells, crystals, or other substances

A

hazy

86
Q

The urine is very opaque and has a muddy or murky appearance

A

Turbid

87
Q

The urine has a thick, opaque appearance with a milky or creamy consistency. This may be due to a high concentration of lipids or other suspended substances.

A

milky

88
Q

In acidic urine, amorphous urates precipitate and can create a pinkish appearance often described as _____ due to the
presence of uroerythrin

A

brick dust

89
Q

Lymph fluid in the urine, known as

A

Chyluria

90
Q

is a key parameter in urine analysis, reflecting the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine based on hydration status and renal function

A

Specific gravity

91
Q

In a healthy individual, the specific gravity of urine can range from
approximately

A

1.002 - 1.035

92
Q

Urine with a specific gravity below 1.010

A

Hyposthenuric urine

93
Q

Urine with a specific gravity above 1.010

A

Hyperthenuric urine

94
Q

is a technique used to measure the concentration of dissolved particles in a urine specimen by evaluating its refractive index.

A

Refractometry

95
Q

Two major types of reagent strips are

A

Multistix, Chemstrip

96
Q

Strips should be checked at least once every

A

24 hours

97
Q

is not recommended as a negative control due to its low ionic concentration, which differs from urine.

A

Distilled water

98
Q

in urine may mask color reactions, leading to false results.

A

Phenazopyridine

99
Q

Care of Reagent Strips

A
  1. Store with a desiccant in an opaque, tightly closed container.
  2. Keep below 30°C; avoid freezing.
  3. Prevent exposure to volatile fumes.
  4. Do not use past the expiration date.
  5. Discard strips if the chemical pads become discolored.
  6. Remove strips from the container only just before use.
100
Q

urine pH ranges from

A

4.5 - 8.0

101
Q

cause the body to excrete more hydrogen ions, leading to more
acidic urine.

A

acidosis

102
Q

Metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, where there’s an excess of base in the body

A

alkalosis

103
Q

Methyl Red:
PH RANGE

A

4 - 6

104
Q

This color change helps in detecting more acidic pH levels.

A

Methyl red (red to yellow)

105
Q

Bromthymol Blue:
pH Range:

A

6 - 9

106
Q

the pH increases, allowing the detection of more alkaline conditions.

A

Bromthymol blue (yellow to blue)

107
Q

the presence of excess protein in
urine, is often associated with early renal disease, making the urinary protein test a crucial component of any comprehensive physical examination.

A

Proteinuria

108
Q

The major serum protein found in urine

A

albumin

109
Q

These are low-molecular-weight proteins found in the blood and produced by renal tubular cells.

A

Serum and Tubular Microglobulins

110
Q

Produced by the renal tubular epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Tamm-Horsfall Protein (Uromodulin)

111
Q

Clinical proteinuria is generally considered significant when protein levels reach

A

30 mg/dL (300 mg/L)

112
Q

arises from conditions that affect the plasma before it reaches the kidneys.

A

Prerenal Proteinuria

113
Q

This protein is typically found in patients with multiple myeloma, a type of cancer characterized by the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells, which produce excessive amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains

A

Bence Jones Protein

114
Q

refers to the presence of excess protein in the urine due to damage within the kidneys.

A

Renal Proteinuria

115
Q

is the presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine and is often an early sign of diabetic nephropathy, a condition where diabetes damages the kidneys.

A

Microalbuminuria

116
Q

It occurs when protein levels in the urine increase due to prolonged standing, but levels normalize when lying down.

A

Orthostatic proteinuria (postural proteinuria)

117
Q

the kidneys’ tubules are unable to
reabsorb proteins that were filtered through the glomeruli.

A

Tubular proteinuria

118
Q

occurs when protein is introduced into the urine after it has left the kidneys

A

Postrenal proteinuria

119
Q

It is useful as a secondary test when protein interference or other
issues are suspected.

A

SSA test

120
Q
A

3rd year (26 decks)

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