AUBF LECCC Flashcards
references to the study of urine.
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
Basic Observations of urine
color
turbidity
odor
volume
viscosity
sweetness
Color charts had been developed
1140 CE
Thomas Bryant published a book about
Pisse prophets
Urinalysis began to disappear.
1930
TWO UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE SPECIMENS
- Readily available
- Contains information on body’s metabolic function
Approximately ______ of filtered plasma is converted.
170,000 mL
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES:
- Dietary intake
- Physical activity
- Body metabolism
- Endocrine function
Primary organic component
Urea
Product of creatine metabolism
Creatinine
Product of breakdown of nucleic acid
Uric acid
Primary inorganic component
Chloride
Primarily from salts
Sodium
Combined with chloride and other salts
Phosphate
Combined with sodium to buffer the blood
Phospate
Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity
Ammonium
Normal daily urine output
1200 - 1500ml
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
Calcium
Decreased urine output
Oliguria
Reference range for oliguria
- Infants: less than 1mL/kg/hour
- Children: less than 0.5mL/kg/hour
- Adults: less than 400 mL/day
Cessation of urine flow
Anuria
Increased urine excretion during the night
Nocturia
Increased daily urine volume
Polyuria
Reference range for polyuria
- Adults: greater than 2.5L/day
- Children: 2.5 – 3mL/kg/day
Changes in Unpreserved Urine
Breakdown of urea to ammonia/Loss of CO2
pH
Multiplication
Bacteria
Bacterial multiplication
Odor
Multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria
Nitrite
IDEAL URINE PRESERVATIVE:
- Bactericidal
- Preserve formed elements
- Inhibits urease
- Most commonly receive specimen
- Collected at any time
- Purpose: Routine screening
Random
- Ideal screening specimen
- Concentrated specimen
First morning
Quantitative chemical test results
24-HOUR OR TIMED SPECIMEN
Begin and end the collection period with an empty bladder.
24-HOUR OR TIMED SPECIMEN
Solutes with diurnal variations:
- Catecholamines
- 17-hydroxysteroids
- Electrolytes
Alternative to catheterized specimen
Routine screening and bacterial culture
Midstream clean-catch
Collected by the external introduction of needle
SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION
- 1st specimen:
First passed urine
2nd specimen
Midstream portion
3rd specimen
prostate fluid and remaining urine
Examined microscopically
1st and 3rd
Control for bladder and kidney infection
2nd specimen
Volume needed for drug testing
30-45ml
CONSIDERATIONS FOR TAMPERED SPECIMENS
- Temperature within 4 minutes of voiding: not within 32.5 - 37.7 °C
- Color: signs of contaminants
- pH: greater than 9
- Specific gravity: less than 1.005
vital bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, just below the ribcage.
kidney
The kidneys are composed of two main regions
- Cortex
- Medulla
is the outer layer of the kidney, containing the majority of the glomeruli, which are essential for filtering blood.
Cortex
located deeper within the kidney, consists of renal pyramids and is primarily involved in concentrating urine.
Medulla
Each kidney houses approximately (nephrons)
1 - 1.5 million nephrons
are microscopic structures that filter blood, remove waste products, and balance the body’s fluids and electrolytes.
nephrons