IH EXAM Flashcards
Which blood group is known as the universal donor?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
d) O
What determines an individual’s ABO blood group?
a) White blood cells
b) Red blood cell antigens
c) Platelets
d) Plasma composition
b) Red blood cell antigens
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
c) AB
The Rh factor refers to the presence of which antigen?
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) O
c) D
What blood type can receive blood from all other types?
a) O+
b) AB+
c) A-
d) B-
b) AB+
What blood group is the rarest?
a) A
b) AB
c) O
d) B
b) AB
If both parents have type O blood, what is the blood type of their child?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
d) O
The presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma indicates which blood type?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
d) O
Which blood group has no antigens but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
d) O
What percentage of the population is Rh-positive?
a) ~20%
b) ~40%
c) ~60%
d) ~85%
d) ~85%
Blood type is inherited from:
a) Environment
b) Parents
c) Diet
d) Lifestyle
b) Parents
A person with AB blood type can donate to:
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
c) AB
The Rh-negative blood type can safely receive Rh-positive blood:
a) Always
b) Never
c) Only in emergencies
d) Only if matched
b) Never
A person with type A blood can receive type B blood:
a) True
b) False
b) False
Type O-negative blood is considered:
a) Universal donor
b) Universal recipient
c) Rare donor
d) Universal plasma donor
a) Universal donor
The ABO blood group system was discovered by:
a) Karl Landsteiner
b) Alexander Fleming
c) Gregor Mendel
d) Louis Pasteur
a) Karl Landsteiner
The Rh factor was first discovered in:
a) Dogs
b) Mice
c) Humans
d) Rhesus monkeys
d) Rhesus monkeys
Type _______ blood has both A and B antigens.
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
c) AB
The most common blood type worldwide is:
a) A+
b) B+
c) O+
d) AB+
c) O+
A person with type B blood has anti-_______ antibodies.
a) A
b) B
c) O
d) AB
a) A
A patient with blood type O needs a transfusion. What blood types can they safely receive?
a) O only
b) A and O
c) AB only
d) Any blood type
a) O only
A woman with type AB blood is expecting a child. What are the possible blood types of the baby?
a) A, B, AB, or O
b) A or B only
c) O only
d) AB only
a) A, B, AB
If a person with type A blood receives type B blood, what immune response occurs?
a) No reaction
b) Blood clotting and immune response
c) Increased oxygen levels
d) Red blood cell production increases
b) Blood clotting and immune response
A blood sample reacts with anti-B serum but not anti-A serum. What is the blood type?
a) A
b) B
c) AB
d) O
b) B
Why might a person with Rh-negative blood need an injection during pregnancy?
a) To strengthen the immune system
b) To prevent Rh incompatibility
c) To enhance blood flow
d) To increase oxygen levels
b) To prevent Rh incompatibility
What is the function of red blood cells?
a) Transport oxygen
b) Fight infections
c) Clot blood
d) Remove waste
a) Transport oxygen
Plasma carries:
a) Nutrients and waste
b) Oxygen only
c) Antibodies only
d) Platelets only
a) Nutrients and waste
What does hemoglobin do?
a) Clots blood
b) Binds oxygen
c) Produces antibodies
d) Fights infections
b) Binds oxygen
Why is O-negative blood crucial in emergency transfusions?
a) It has no antigens
b) It contains extra oxygen
c) It is the rarest type
d) It enhances immunity
a) It has no antigens
How do blood group mismatches cause transfusion reactions?
a) They create clotting proteins
b) They trigger an immune response
c) They increase hemoglobin production
d) They promote blood circulation
b) They trigger an immune response
The Rh factor is important in:
a) Digestion
b) Pregnancy
c) Bone health
d) Brain function
b) Pregnancy
Blood type O-negative is important because:
a) It is the rarest blood type
b) It is the universal donor
c) It contains the most antibodies
d) It has extra oxygen-carrying capacity
b) It is the universal donor
Which component helps blood clot?
a) Plasma
b) Red blood cells
c) Platelets
d) White blood cells
c) Platelets
What makes AB+ the universal recipient?
a) It has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
b) It lacks Rh factor
c) It has no antibodies
d) It has extra hemoglobin
c) It has no antibodies
What is the most important consideration in blood transfusion?
a) Blood volume
b) Blood type compatibility
c) Patient’s weight
d) Donor’s age
b) Blood type compatibility
What substances are found in the body secretions of individuals with secretor status?
A, B, H substances
These substances are present in all body secretions except cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What percentage of individuals have secretor status?
80%
This indicates that the majority of the population can secrete A, B, and H substances.
What determines the ability to secrete A, B, and H substances?
The presence of the secretor gene (Se)
This gene can be in either homozygous (SeSe) or heterozygous (Sese) state.
What are the two genetic states that indicate the presence of the secretor gene?
Homozygous (SeSe) and heterozygous (Sese)
Both states allow for the secretion of A, B, and H substances.
True or False: Individuals with secretor status can secrete substances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
False
A, B, and H substances are not found in CSF.
What is the first report of the Bombay Phenotype?
First reported by Bhende et al in Bombay in 1952.
What is the estimated frequency of the Bombay Phenotype in Bombay?
Frequency estimated to be about 1 in 7600 in Bombay.
What antigens are absent in the Bombay Phenotype?
Absence of H, A & B antigens. No agglutination with anti-A, anti-B or anti-H.
What antibodies are present in the serum of individuals with the Bombay Phenotype?
Presence of anti-H, anti-A and anti-B in the serum.
Are A, B, or H substances present in the saliva of Bombay Phenotype individuals?
No A, B or H substances present in saliva.
What blood groups are compatible with the Bombay Phenotype?
Incompatible with any ABO blood groups, compatible with Bombay phenotype only.
What is the mode of inheritance for the Bombay Phenotype?
A recessive mode of inheritance (identical phenotypes in children but not in parents).
How do ABO subgroups differ?
ABO subgroups differ in the amount of antigen present on the red blood cell membrane.
What characterizes ABO subgroups?
Subgroups have less antigen and are the result of less effective enzymes.
What is the efficiency of enzymes in ABO subgroups?
They are not as efficient in converting H antigens to A or B antigens (fewer antigens are present on the RBC).
Which ABO subgroup is more common?
Subgroups of A are more common than subgroups of B.
What are the two principal subgroups of A?
The two principal subgroups of A are A1 and A2.
Both react strongly with reagent anti-A.
What is used to distinguish A1 from A2 red cells?
The lectin Dolichos biflorus is used (anti-A1).
What percentage of group A or AB individuals are A?
80% of group A or AB individuals are A1 and A1B, while 20% are A2 and A2B.
What must routine ABO grouping include?
Both cell and serum testing, as each test serves as a check on the other.
What temperature should ABO grouping tests be done at?
Room temperature or lower; testing at 37°C weakens the reactions.
What should be ensured about tubes and slides during testing?
They should be dry and labeled properly.
When should serum be added in the testing process?
Serum should always be added before adding cells.
When should results be recorded?
Results should be recorded immediately after observation.
How is hemolysis interpreted in ABO grouping?
Hemolysis is interpreted as a positive result.
What type of tubes should be used for blood samples?
Clearly labeled blood samples in sterile tubes (Plain & EDTA)
When should the blood test be performed for best results?
The test should be performed on the fresh sample for best results.
What should be done if the test cannot be performed immediately?
The sample can be stored at 4°C and should be tested within 48 hours.
What condition should the blood sample not show?
No signs of hemolysis should be there.
What to do if serum is not completely separated?
Centrifuge tube at 1000-3000 rpm for 3 minutes.
What type of red cells should preferably be used?
Preferably use saline washed red cells and make a 2-5% suspension.
What is the recommended method for ABO grouping?
Test Tube Method
Allows longer incubation of antigen and antibody mixture without drying.
What is an advantage of the Test Tube Method?
Tubes can be centrifuged to enhance reaction and can detect weaker antigen/antibody.
What are the two steps in ABO grouping?
Cell grouping (Forward grouping) and Serum grouping (Reverse grouping).
What does cell grouping (Forward grouping) test?
Tests the patient’s red cells with known Anti-A & Anti-B to determine the antigen expressed.
What does serum grouping (Reverse grouping) test?
Tests the patient’s serum with known A & B cells to determine the presence of antibody.
What is the Microplate Method ideal for?
It is ideal for testing a large number of blood samples.
How sensitive is the Microplate Method?
More sensitive to detect weaker antigen-antibody reactions.
What can be done with the results of the Microplate Method?
Results can be photographed for archival storage.
What processes can be performed on microplates?
Microplates can be incubated and centrifuged.
What are the benefits of using the Microplate Method?
There is significant saving in time and in the cost of disposables and reagents.
Are microplates disposable?
Microplates are intended to be disposable; however, they can be reused after cleaning them properly.
What must be ensured when reusing microplates?
Make sure that all foreign proteins are removed.
Can microplates be automated?
Microplates can be adapted for automation.
