Health - 8 Flashcards
What are the BMI classifications of weight
Less than 18.5 underweight
18.5-24.9 normal 25 to 29.9 overweight
More than 30 - obese
More than 40 - morbidly obese
What does BMI fail to take into account
Ratio of fat : muscle, bone density
What percentage of UK are morbidly obese
28%
How much is spent per years in UK on obesity related health problems
£16 billion
What is the name for fat cells
Adipocytes
explain about the fat cells
The number of fat cells you have is dictated by genetic and childhood factors
Greater in number and larger in individuals
What is the equation for weight gain
Energy input exceeds energy output = weight gain
Explain the basal metabolic rate
It is the level of energy needed to sustain normal functioning of bodily systems
Low BMR - metabolise fewer calories to maintain normal bodily functioning
High BMR - metabolise greater calories to maintain normal functioning
What did Stunkard et al 1986 find about BMI and concordance rates in twins
64-84% concordance rates in identical twins reared together for obesity
What did stunkard find out in 1988 about twins reared apart and obesity
BMI of twin raised in location A predicted BMI of twin in location B - no effect of environmental influences
Explain the set point theory
Each individual has an ideal biological weight - a set point
If weight departs from ideal the body takes corrective action
Metabolic increase in hunger
Reduce body temperature - less energy needed - less food consumption
What is the hormonal dysfunction explanation for obesity
Obesity cause by deficiencies in hormones responsible for appetite control
As we eat lepton secreted by adipose tissue increases and signals the hypothalamus to let us know we are full
Leptin is controlled by OB-gene, if we have a genetic defect of lower leptin we can’t adequately suppress hunger which leads to eating more - weight gain
How does socioeconomic status effect obesity
Lower income - poorer diets
Lower level of education - less educated about healthy diets and lifestyle
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How does stress cause weight gain
Indirect - negative coping behaviours eating comfort foods - risk factor for obesity
Direct - stress activates HPA - increases level of cortisol - dysregulated metabolism - weight gain
What cultural fa tors can cause obesity
£33 billion spent per year on food advertising
Many studies show a relationship between exposure to TV food advertising and risk for obesity, especially in children