Dvelopemental 6 Flashcards
What did deater-deckard et al say in 2001 about self esteem
Self-esteem can be enhanced by having just one good friend
Describe the physical development in early childhood
Slow down in physical growth, decrease in appetite
Sphincter control 3-5 years
Bowel control problems age 4 - encopresis
Bladder control problems - age 5 enuresis
Improved gross motor and fine motor development - stacks cubes, hops on one foot, self dresses and grooms
Handedness established age 6-7
Describe the cognitive development of early childhood
Episodic memory - earliest memories
Working memory - repeats 4 digits
Numerosity - counts 10 objects
Visuospatial skills - drawing shapes
Egocentric thought processes predominate
Preoperational stage - basic mental reasoning - law of conversation not yet achieved - symbolic thinking expands
Describe the emotional development at early childhood
Struggle for autonomy and separateness from parents
Developement of secondary emotions
Developement of basic emotion regulation
Describe the emotional developement at middle childhood
Language developement facilitates - cognitive regulation of emotion, behavioural control
Internalisation of social display rules guiding emotion expression
Describe the social development at early childhood phase
Gender identity
Increased interaction - understands turn taking, co-op play, imaginary play
Influence of peers - social conformity
Describe the social development at the middle child phase
Perspective taking - understands multiple perspectives
Understands fairness
Competition- compare themselves to others
Organised sport possible - learning rules of game and being a team player
What marks the beginning of self evaluation
The internal working model
What are the 4 stages Harter believes self-evaluation developes in
Scholastic confidence
Athletic competence
Social acceptance
Physical appearance
Give some reasons on why we study peer relationships
Child-child relationships have important effects on cognitive, social and emotional development
Troubled peer relationships are associated with immediate and later adjustment problems
What are the three most influential theories of peer relationships
Cognitive-development
Environmental-learning
Ethology
Describe the cognitive development theory of peer relationships
Maturation through stages of development leads to the infant becoming more sophisticated in their thinking
Developmental maturation leads to a more sophisticated cognitive functioning
Describe the environmental-learning theory of peer relationships
Through interaction with the environment the infant learns appropriate behaviour
Describe the ethnological theory of peer relationships
Stems from an evolutionary approach explains behaviour in terms of adaptation and survival - ethology human and animal behaviour from a biological perspective
What does the formation of dominance hierarchies lead to
Reduction of agressive and facilitation of conflict resolution (hinde, 1978)
Give some examples of research into dominance hierarchies
Start at a very early age - la freniere
They are effective in minimising aggressions - bjorklund and pellegrini, Savin-williams
What is a socio-metric technique of measuring peer relationships
Rate your classmate
Aggressive children rarely chosen
Attractive children also populate children
What are the limitations of assessing peer relations
Children rating
Observations - inferences can be wrong
Rating scales by teachers and parents - social desirability
Need to apply caution
Who developed the strengths and difficulties questionarres
Good man 1987 - 25 items
Name damons levels of friendship
4-7 years level 1: temporary relationships - not taking into account the others personal traits - will play with any available play mate
8-10 years level 2 : mutual sharing - give and take - greater emphasis on relationship
10-15 years : intimate emotional relationship relies on trust
Make selmans levels of friendship
4-7 years - a handy playmate
7-11 years - peer groups begin to emerge
Name some research in what is special about friendship
Costin and Jones - does friendship enhance sensitivity and concern for others
Dunn and cutting - denham et al - effects of understanding other emotions
Freud and dann - close peer bonds under conditions of extreme adversity
What do conversational processes in the family encourage ?
Mind-mindedness discussions regarding internal feelings, states and intentions which influence the development of children’s social understanding
Deater-Deckard 2001 says the importance of having at least one friend serves as
A protective factor
Enhances self-efficacy
If 2 friends engage in anti-social behaviour this increases …..
The level of anti-social behaviour
What is the experience of rejected children
Loneliness
Difficulties with interaction
Fewer positive initiations
Less likely to be given the benefit of the doubt
Describe smailes study in 2015
Bullied adolescents report more psychotic experiences
Adults who report poorer relationships with parents report more psychotic experiences
Bullied adolescents report poor relationships with parents
Describe social media and internet as an additional challenge to making relationships
Positives - searching for advice and info - academic and social health
Negative - family relationships and constant and intrusive presence
Describe the presence of the populars as a challenge to making a relationships
Girls who reach sexual maturity very early are characterised as being popular with boys but unpopular with boys
They can be vulnerable as they may be emotionally immature and do not know how to deal with the attention from the opposite sex.the long term effect can include lack of self confidence
Describe how blended families present an additional challenge to making relationships
Girls who live in blended families with non-biological fathers reach puberty much earlier than girls raised with their biological fathers
