Dvelopemental 6

Question 1

What did deater-deckard et al say in 2001 about self esteem

Answer 1

Self-esteem can be enhanced by having just one good friend

Question 2

Describe the physical development in early childhood

Answer 2

Slow down in physical growth, decrease in appetite

Sphincter control 3-5 years
Bowel control problems age 4 - encopresis
Bladder control problems - age 5 enuresis

Improved gross motor and fine motor development - stacks cubes, hops on one foot, self dresses and grooms

Handedness established age 6-7

Question 3

Describe the cognitive development of early childhood

Answer 3

Episodic memory - earliest memories
Working memory - repeats 4 digits
Numerosity - counts 10 objects
Visuospatial skills - drawing shapes
Egocentric thought processes predominate
Preoperational stage - basic mental reasoning - law of conversation not yet achieved - symbolic thinking expands

Question 4

Describe the emotional development at early childhood

Answer 4

Struggle for autonomy and separateness from parents
Developement of secondary emotions
Developement of basic emotion regulation

Question 5

Describe the emotional developement at middle childhood

Answer 5

Language developement facilitates - cognitive regulation of emotion, behavioural control
Internalisation of social display rules guiding emotion expression

Question 6

Describe the social development at early childhood phase

Answer 6

Gender identity
Increased interaction - understands turn taking, co-op play, imaginary play
Influence of peers - social conformity

Question 7

Describe the social development at the middle child phase

Answer 7

Perspective taking - understands multiple perspectives
Understands fairness
Competition- compare themselves to others
Organised sport possible - learning rules of game and being a team player

Question 8

What marks the beginning of self evaluation

Answer 8

The internal working model

Question 9

What are the 4 stages Harter believes self-evaluation developes in

Answer 9

Scholastic confidence
Athletic competence
Social acceptance
Physical appearance

Question 10

Give some reasons on why we study peer relationships

Answer 10

Child-child relationships have important effects on cognitive, social and emotional development
Troubled peer relationships are associated with immediate and later adjustment problems

Question 11

What are the three most influential theories of peer relationships

Answer 11

Cognitive-development
Environmental-learning
Ethology

Question 12

Describe the cognitive development theory of peer relationships

Answer 12

Maturation through stages of development leads to the infant becoming more sophisticated in their thinking

Developmental maturation leads to a more sophisticated cognitive functioning

Question 13

Describe the environmental-learning theory of peer relationships

Answer 13

Through interaction with the environment the infant learns appropriate behaviour

Question 14

Describe the ethnological theory of peer relationships

Answer 14

Stems from an evolutionary approach explains behaviour in terms of adaptation and survival - ethology human and animal behaviour from a biological perspective

Question 15

What does the formation of dominance hierarchies lead to

Answer 15

Reduction of agressive and facilitation of conflict resolution (hinde, 1978)

Question 16

Give some examples of research into dominance hierarchies

Answer 16

Start at a very early age - la freniere

They are effective in minimising aggressions - bjorklund and pellegrini, Savin-williams

Question 17

What is a socio-metric technique of measuring peer relationships

Answer 17

Rate your classmate
Aggressive children rarely chosen
Attractive children also populate children

Question 18

What are the limitations of assessing peer relations

Answer 18

Children rating
Observations - inferences can be wrong
Rating scales by teachers and parents - social desirability

Need to apply caution

Question 19

Who developed the strengths and difficulties questionarres

Answer 19

Good man 1987 - 25 items

Question 20

Name damons levels of friendship

Answer 20

4-7 years level 1: temporary relationships - not taking into account the others personal traits - will play with any available play mate
8-10 years level 2 : mutual sharing - give and take - greater emphasis on relationship
10-15 years : intimate emotional relationship relies on trust

Question 21

Make selmans levels of friendship

Answer 21

4-7 years - a handy playmate

7-11 years - peer groups begin to emerge

Question 22

Name some research in what is special about friendship

Answer 22

Costin and Jones - does friendship enhance sensitivity and concern for others
Dunn and cutting - denham et al - effects of understanding other emotions
Freud and dann - close peer bonds under conditions of extreme adversity

Question 23

What do conversational processes in the family encourage ?

Answer 23

Mind-mindedness discussions regarding internal feelings, states and intentions which influence the development of children’s social understanding

Question 24

Deater-Deckard 2001 says the importance of having at least one friend serves as

Answer 24

A protective factor

Enhances self-efficacy

Question 25

If 2 friends engage in anti-social behaviour this increases …..

Answer 25

The level of anti-social behaviour

Question 26

What is the experience of rejected children

Answer 26

Loneliness
Difficulties with interaction
Fewer positive initiations
Less likely to be given the benefit of the doubt

Question 27

Describe smailes study in 2015

Answer 27

Bullied adolescents report more psychotic experiences
Adults who report poorer relationships with parents report more psychotic experiences
Bullied adolescents report poor relationships with parents

Question 28

Describe social media and internet as an additional challenge to making relationships

Answer 28

Positives - searching for advice and info - academic and social health

Negative - family relationships and constant and intrusive presence

Question 29

Describe the presence of the populars as a challenge to making a relationships

Answer 29

Girls who reach sexual maturity very early are characterised as being popular with boys but unpopular with boys
They can be vulnerable as they may be emotionally immature and do not know how to deal with the attention from the opposite sex.the long term effect can include lack of self confidence

Question 30

Describe how blended families present an additional challenge to making relationships

Answer 30

Girls who live in blended families with non-biological fathers reach puberty much earlier than girls raised with their biological fathers