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EMT > General Medical Emergency > Flashcards

General Medical Emergency Flashcards

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1
Q

How many chains of survival are there?

A

5

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2
Q

What are the chains of survival?

A
  • early access
  • early CPR
  • early AED
  • early ALS
  • post ROSC care
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3
Q

What does ROSC stand for?

A

Return of spontaneous circulation

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4
Q

What are the two shockable rhythms?

A
  • ventricular fibrillation
  • pulseless ventricular tachycardia
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5
Q

What is the term for a nose bleed?

A

Epistaxis

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6
Q

Under what circumstances should someone with a nose bleed go to hospital?

A
  • if blood flows and doesn’t stop for 20 mins
  • the nosebleed occurred following a head injury
  • the bleeding lasts longer than 30 mins despite application of cold and pressure
  • the bleeding resulted from a severe blow that also caused dizziness/nausea
  • the nose looks crooked or displaced
  • the individual is elderly
  • the individual has high blood pressure
  • the individual is on blood-thinning medication
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7
Q

How do you treat a patient presenting with a nose bleed?

A

Sit them leaning forward
Pinch nostrils
Breathe through mouth

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8
Q

How long do you apply digital pressure for a nose bleed?

A

15 mins

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9
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A metabolic disorder typified by chronic high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)

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10
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Patients are unable to produce any insulin. This is typically due to an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing Beta cells in the pancreas

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11
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Patients with relative insulin deficiency due to varying degrees of insulin resistance. It is the most common type of diabetes

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12
Q

What are underlying causes of diabetes?

A
  • genetic factors
  • obesity
  • age (beta cell function declines with age)
  • ethnicity (south Asian/Afro-Caribbean origin)
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13
Q

What is hypoglycaemia

A

Relative excess of insulin in the blood and falling blood glucose levels

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14
Q

What are the three main causes of hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure?

A
  • previous episodes hypoglycaemia
  • strenuous exercise
  • sleep
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A

-swearing
- palpitations
- shaking
- hunger
- confusion
- odd/aggressive behaviour
- speech problems
- headache
- nausea

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16
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

Not enough insulin causing a high level of sugar

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17
Q

What are causes of hyperglycaemia?

A
  • not taking a enough insulin
  • eating too much food
  • doing leas exercise than usual
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18
Q

When do you take a patient who is presenting with hypoglycaemia to the hospital?

A
  • if they are elderly
  • low BMI
  • live alone
  • not diagnosed as diabetic
  • taking oral hypoglycaemic agents (mainly sulphonylureas: glibenclamide/glicazide)
  • blood glucose < 5mmol/L after treatment
  • treated with glucagon
  • signs of illness/infection
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19
Q

What is the assessment for a diabetic patient?

A
  • baseline vitals
  • take patients glucose and ketone
  • consider ALS
  • drug administration
  • transport to hospital
  • alert hospital if needed
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20
Q

What are ketones?

A

A chemical that is produced by the liver when it breaks down fat

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21
Q

What happens when ketones build up in the body?

A

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS (DKA)

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22
Q

What is DKA?

A
  • brought on by a lack of insulin
  • without insulin your body begins to break down fat in attempt to get the energy it needs
  • this can cause the body to go into shock and swelling if the brain
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23
Q

What are normal blood ketone meter measurements?

A

Less than 0.6mmol/L

24
Q

What are medium (ketosis) BHB?

A

Between 0.6 and 1.5 mmol/L

25
Q

What is considered a high BHB?

A

Between 1.5 and 3 mmol/L

26
Q

What level of BHB would indicate possible DKA?

A

Greater than 3.0 mmol/L

27
Q

What is a normal blood sugar level?

A

4-10 mmol/L

28
Q

What would the blood sugar be if someone who is hypoglycaemic?

A

Less than 4 mmol/L

29
Q

What is the blood sugar measurement for someone with hyperglycaemia?

A

Over 10 mmol/L

30
Q

Who does glucagon not work on?

A

People with liver damage/disease

31
Q

What blood sugar level would indicate the consideration of ALS?

A

10-20 mmol/L

32
Q

What blood sugar level would indicate a request for ALS?

A

+ 20 mmol/L

33
Q

Who is glucagon not indicated for?

A

Hypoglycaemic non-diabetic paediatric patient

34
Q

How would a patient who is hypoglycaemic present?

A

Pale and sweaty
ALOC
rapid onset (2-3hrs)

35
Q

How would a patient who is hyperglycaemic to present?

A

Flushed
Acetone breath
ALOC
slow onset (days)

36
Q

What is a seizure?

A

An episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain
The patient can convulse which causes the patients body to shake rapidly and uncontrollably

37
Q

What is a generalised tonic/clonic seizure?

A

Seizures associated with you jerking muscle movements

38
Q

What is a partial (focal) seizure?

A

stare blankly into space, or experience automatisms (non-purposeful, repetitive movements such as lip smacking, blinking, grunting, gulping or shouting)

39
Q

What is a petit mal (absence) seizure?

A

Staring off into space/ blank face

40
Q

What is fever (febrile) convulsions?

A

Happens when a child has a fever

41
Q

What narcotic typically causes medical emergency seizures?

A

ECSTASY MANDY MANDY MANDY

42
Q

What is the first concern of a patient who is currently seizing?

A

Are they able to breathe properly?
Are they protected from harm?

43
Q

Causes of seizures?

A
  • damage from previous cerebral infection
  • brain injury, brain trauma, lack of O2 during child birth
  • cerebral haemorrhage/ tumour
  • cryptogenic (cause unknown)
44
Q

What is eclampsia?

A

A seizure that occurs during pregnancy 👶🏻🍼

45
Q

Patient assessment of a seizure?

A
  • what were they doing before
  • what movements exhibited
  • loss of bladder or bowl control
  • how long did it last for
46
Q

What is status epilepticus

A

life threatening condition
- more than 1 in five mins without returning to normal
- seizure lasts more than 5 mins
- can result in permanent neurological damage/respiratory failure/cardiac arrest

47
Q

Diagnosis of anaphylaxis?

A
  • AIRWAY: angioedema/ stridor
  • BREATHING: dyspnoea/wheeze
  • CIRCULATION: signs of shock
  • DISABILITY: collapse/ sense of impending doom
    EXPOSURE: hives/flushing/itching
48
Q

What is angioedema?

A

Swelling of the deeper layers of the skin due to a build up in fluid

49
Q

What is a bronchospasm?

A

Wheeze

50
Q

What do you use to treat bronchospasm?

A

Salbutamol

51
Q

What is hemodynamic compromise?

A

a condition or state in which a person’s cardiovascular functions become unreliable, insufficient, or otherwise problematic due to an underlying condition, such as high blood pressure

52
Q

What drug is administered to patients with mild allergic reaction?

A

Chlorphenamine 4mg PO

53
Q

If a patient suffering from an allergic reaction also has a bronchospasm, what drug is administered before the chlorphenamine?

A

SALBUTAMOL 5mg NEB ⛽️

54
Q

What are the dosages of chlorphenamine that can be administered for an allergic reaction?

A

6-11yrs 2 mg PO
12+ years 4 mg PO

OR
1-6months 0.25mg/kg IM
6mths-6yrs 2.5 mg IM
6-12yrs 5 mg IM
+12yrs 10 mg IM

55
Q

What are the dosages of adrenaline that can be administered?

A

Under 6 months: 10mcg/kg IM
6mths-6yrs: 150mcg IM
6-12yrs: 300mcg IM
+12: 500mcg IM

56
Q

What is fowlers position?

A

headof bed is elevated 45-60 degrees

Knees towards the chest

used for mild resp. distress

EMT (45 decks)

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