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VET YEAR ONE > FORM & FUNCTION (Stem Cells) > Flashcards

FORM & FUNCTION (Stem Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoderm eventually becomes

A

-outer surface
-CNS
-neural crest

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2
Q

Mesoderm eventually becomes:

A

-dorsal
-paraxial
-intermediate
-lateral
-head

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3
Q

Endoderm eventually becomes:

A

-digestive tube
-pharynx
-respiratory tube

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4
Q

Germ cells become:

A

-male: sperm
-female: egg

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5
Q

Main cellular processes that are key to successful development are:

A
  1. Cell proliferation
  2. Differentiation
  3. Morphological Changes and Cell migration
  4. Apoptosis
    *elicited and/or regulated by factors
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6
Q

Cell proliferation:

A

-an increase in cell number due to mitosis

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7
Q

Differentiation:

A

-a gradual process by which specialized cell types develop from a pool of cells

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8
Q

Apoptosis:

A

-programmed cell death
-mediated via enzymes including caspases and DNases

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9
Q

What are the additional key decisive factors/processes in embryonic development?

A

-cell-to-cell communication
-signaling pathways
-induction and competence
-adhesion and migration
-morphogens
-genes
-transcription factors

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10
Q

Signaling pathways:

A

-11 main ones involved in development
-each signal is transmitted in a LINEAR MANNER and act on a single response element in target genes
-specific patterns of signaling for a given species
-changes elicited by these signals during development are IRREVERSIBLE

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11
Q

Examples of signalling pathways involved in development:

A

-Notch
-Wingless (Wnt)
-transforming growth factor (TGF-beta)
-fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)

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12
Q

Induction:

A

-process by which a particular group of cells influences the fate of an adjacent group of cells
-generally mediated via paracrine or contact-dependent signaling

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13
Q

Competence:

A

-refers to ability of a cell to respond to an inductive signal
-competent cell must express the receptors for the inducer(s)
Ex. response of a group of cells to a transcription factor

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14
Q

Cell adhesion is mediated by:

A

-cadherins and integrins

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15
Q

Cadherins in one cell:

A

-interact with cadherins in adjacent cells

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16
Q

Adherins:

A

-help with the adhesion of cells to various ligands

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17
Q

Heavy cell migration during development:

A

-cells use different forms of movement for migration depending on the stage of development

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18
Q

What are determinants of cell migration?

A

-molecular composition of the ECM and matrix architecture of cells

19
Q

Morphogens:

A

-a substance that can determine the fate of a cell/cell’s differentiation by way of its presence in the cellular microenvironment
-effects are CONCENTRATION dependent
-elicit stimulatory or inhibitory effects

20
Q

Example of a morphogen:

A

-signaling molecules, sonic hedgehog (Shh) is important for formation of spinal cord

21
Q

Effects of Shh are dependant on:

A

-its concentration
-duration of exposure
-interaction with other target genes and/or signals/pathways

22
Q

Chromatin:

A

-DNA and protein
*structure has a heavy influence on gene expression

23
Q

Epigenome:

A

-a determinant of how cells remember their identity
-comprises of processes and signals

24
Q

Epigenome comprises of processes and signals examples:

A

-DNA methylation
-histone modification
-other factors including small RNAs

25
Q

Transcription factors:

A

-proteins that can bind to the enhance or promoter regions of the DNA to up- or down-regulate the gene transcription to form mRNAs
*very diverse

26
Q

Examples of transcription factors:

A

-Sry,Sox: sex determination
-Hox: regional identity
-Mef-2: muscle development
-Pax: eye development
-Oct-4: pluripotency
-Tbx: limb development

27
Q

Stem cells:

A

-specialized cells able to undergo self-renewal and produce daughter cells that possess the same features of the cells from which they originally derived
-from cell lineages play a key role in forming tissues and organs
-classified based on ‘potency’ and its occurrence during development/life

28
Q

Stem cell classification based on potency:

A

-totipotent (ex. embryonic cells)
-pluripotent
-multipotent (ex. mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm)
-unipotent
-progenitor cells

29
Q

Stem cell classification based on occurrence during developing/life:

A

-embryonic stem cells
-adult stem cells

30
Q

Totipotent:

A

-develops from the inner cell mass in the developing embryo
-can develop into any cell type in the embryo, including trophoblastic placental cells
*most potent

31
Q

Pluripotent:

A

-arise from the embryonic cells
-can differentiate into any cells within the embryo, except trophoblastic placental cells

32
Q

Multipotent:

A

-derived from embryonic cells, but have limited linage capabilities

33
Q

Unipotent:

A

-cells are destined to become a specific cell type after a limited number of divisions

34
Q

Progenitor cells:

A

-more differentiated than stem cells and have limited self-renewal capability

35
Q

Terminal differentiation is when:

A

-cells within specific lineage reaches a mature stage, where further differentiation or division does not occur

36
Q

Embryonic stem cells:

A

-stems cells in embryo
-originating from the inner cell mass and those that are from multiple lineages
-contribute to embryonic development, including the formation of primary germ layers

37
Q

Adult stem cells:

A

-resident stem cells within adult tissues and organs
-enable tissue self-renewal and repair
-help maintain tissue integrity and function, especially when adverse events (ex. infection, trauma, degenerative changes) occur
Ex. bone marrow, intestinal crypts

38
Q

Intestinal crypts:

A

-crypt base columnar stem cells give rise to all the cells especially the enterocytes
>become proliferating transit-amplifying cells (move from base to the tip
>become enterocytes at top=absorb nutrients

39
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs):

A

-somatic cells could be reprogrammed to develop cells of specific lineage by introducing specific TFs and by providing the supportive milieu for the cells to differentiate and grow
>make them become ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

40
Q

TFs (iPSCs):

A

-introduction of TFs=transfection
-cause nuclear reprogramming in fully differentiated adult cells

41
Q

Transfection TF examples:

A

Combination of: (Yamanaka factors)
-Sox-2
-Oct-4
-c-Myc
-Klf-4

42
Q

Growth factors (iPSCs):

A

Ex. TGF-beta
-provided in the media are critical in determining the lineage of stem cells
-choosing the right mix of growth media=can develop cells within specified lineages

43
Q

Potential applications if iPSCs in vet med:

A

-take any animal’s differentiated cells and get iPSC
-then do a transplant of them when they have differentiated again (osteocyte, adipocyte, chondrocytes, neural cells)

VET YEAR ONE (108 decks)

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