ANATOMY (Sweat)

Question 1

Do animals sweat?

Answer 1

-yes
-less obvious because of hair cover, sweat glands scattered all over body
-apocrine (albuminous sweat): predominates
-eccrine (watery sweat): more common in humans

Question 2

Sweat glands over the body:

Answer 2

-relatively sparse in carnivores and pigs
-cattle: sometimes visible along neck and flank
-horse profuse: “lathered up” (more protein material)

Question 3

Sebaceous glands:

Answer 3

-sebum: fatty secretion
-lubricates and water-proofs (ex. lanolin: sheep)
-promotes spread of sweat
-retards bacteria
-odor/pheromones (used as territorial marker)
Ex. anal glands, tail glands, etc.

Question 4

Para-anal sinuses:

Answer 4

-“money making machines”
-paired cutaneous pouches that open on the sides of anus
>duct opens up into skin part of anus
-use them to mark their territory
-contain sebaceous and serous glands in their walls

Question 5

Milk anal sac: skunk

Answer 5

-secretion is used for perfume

Question 6

Sheep interdigital glands:

Answer 6

-tubular invagination
-between the two hoofs of forelimbs and hindlimbs in both male and female
*mark their territory as they walk (acts as a trail marker)
(caribou also have them)

Question 7

Sheep: inguinal glands

Answer 7

-base of udder and scrotum
-contain sebaceous and sweat glands that produce brown waxy material
-used to mark the young ones?

Question 8

Sheep infraorbital glands:

Answer 8

-cutaneous pouch rostral to the eye that opens ventro-laterally on the face
-larger in rams
-contains both sebaceous and tubular serous glands
-secretion stains the skin and serve as territorial marker

Question 9

Horn glands of goat:

Answer 9

-scent glands
-male and female goats
-located caudomedial to horn base
-larger and more productive in the buck: secretion stimulated by testosterone
-produce pungent odor

Question 10

Carpal glands of a pig:

Answer 10

-little projections by carpals
-used for marking the female when a male wants them
*cats also have them

Question 11

Foxes and dogs tail spot:

Answer 11

-black spot on base of tail=site of supracaudal gland
-where skin is rough

Question 12

Udder (mammary gland):

Answer 12

-modified sweat gland
-produces both protein (eccrine mode of secretion) and lipid (apocrine mode of secretion) from the same cell

Question 13

Dog muzzle:

Answer 13

-fine grooves, no glands
-larger dermal ridges and papillae
-permanent pattern serves as identification
-no glands or sweat glands, but kept moist
-maybe, helps to dissolve odors?

Question 14

Cattle muzzle, pig nasolabial plate:

Answer 14

-firm, tough, fine hairs
-contains eccrine sweat glands

Question 15

Digital pads:

Answer 15

-highly keratinized epidermis
-contains adipose and connective tissue fibres in hypodermis
-eccrine sweat glands in dermis and hypodermis (no hair follicles)
-pacinian corpuscles

Question 16

Digital and metacarpal pads:

Answer 16

-better developed in plantigrade animals (bears) than digitigrade animals (dogs, cats)

Question 17

Claws and nails:

Answer 17

-similar structures enclosing the distal phalanx but appear strikingly different among species
-contain epidermal and dermal components