ANATOMY (Muscles of the Thoracic Appendage)

Question 1

4 types of tissue

Answer 1

1. Connective
2. Epithelial
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Question 2

3 types of muscle

Answer 2

1. Cardiac
2. Smooth
3. Skeletal

Question 3

skeletal muscle cells

Answer 3

-striated
-extremely long (during development they fuse together)
-mainly forms muscles that attach to and move the skeleton (UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL)
-some prevent movement to maintain body positions and acheive desired motion

Question 4

other funtions of skeletal muscle

Answer 4

-stabilize joints
-move eyeball
-facial expression
-respiration
-straining (urination, defecation)
-urinary bladder and bowel continence
-twitch or wrinkle skin

Question 5

muscle fibre

Answer 5

-multinucleated muscle cell
-surrounded by endomysium

Question 6

fasicle

Answer 6

-group of fibers surrounded by perimysium

Question 7

epimysium

Answer 7

-surrounds the entire muscle
-merges with deep fascia

Question 8

tendon

Answer 8

-dense regular connective tissues
-muscle is supported by connective tissue that merges together to form a tendon
-attach muscle to bone (ligaments attached bone to bone)
-don’t contract like muscles
-viscoelastic (return to form after they stretch, as you apply more force they are stiffer)

Question 9

aponeurosis

Answer 9

-broad, flat tendon

Question 10

tendons need more protection sometimes

Answer 10

1. Sesamoid cartilage or bone
2. Bursa: fluid filled cushion
3. Synovial sheath: similar to bursa, but wraps around tendon

Question 11

attachments

Answer 11

-bony and non-bony
-origin: least movable attachement (usually proximal)
-insertion: most movable attachement (usually distal)

Question 12

agonist

Answer 12

-provides most the force to cause the movement
*prime mover (usually the biggest muscle)

Question 13

synergist

Answer 13

-causes the same movement as the agonist muscle

Question 14

antagonist

Answer 14

-resists the movement
-causes the opposite movement

Question 15

neutralizer

Answer 15

-cancels out extra motion produced by an agonist muscle so that the movement occurs in the desired plane

Question 16

fixator

Answer 16

-stabilizes the origin of an agonist muslce to help the agonist muscle function effectively

Question 17

extrinsic muscles

Answer 17

-sometimes called axioappendicular
-from the axial skeleton to the appendage

Question 18

intrinsic muscles

Answer 18

-within the appendicular skeleton

Question 19

synsarcosis

Answer 19

-links the thoracic appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton
-throacic axioappendicular muscles of common domestic animals comprise it
*a connection between parts of the Skelton formed by muscles alone
>there is no bony link

Question 20

extrinsic thoracic appendicular muscle actions

Answer 20

1. Cranially vs. caudally
2. Protraction vs retraction
3. Rotate scapula
4. Dorasally vs. ventrally
5. Draw scapula against thorax
6. Support trunk
7. Abduction vs. adduction

Question 21

rotate scapula

Answer 21

-medially: internal rotation
-laterally: external rotation

Question 22

support trunk

Answer 22

-since there is no bony link
-like a hammock/swing

Question 23

intrinsic thoracic appendicular muscle actions

Answer 23

1. Shoulder joint
   -internal (medial) vs external (lateral) rotation
   -abduction vs. adduction
2. Carpal and digital joints
   -pronation vs. supination
   -abduction vs. adduction