ANATOMY (First Test Extra)

Question 1

Subclavian muscle:

Answer 1

-horse: smooth contour between thoracic appendages and neck=a big one
-ox
-pigs
-NOT dogs

Question 2

Palpable lymph nodes in healthy horses

Answer 2

-mandibular (need to be a horse vet to find them)

Question 3

Palpable lymph nodes in cattle:

Answer 3

Palpable lymph nodes in cattle:
-mandibular
-superficial cervical (pre-scapular)
-subiliac
-mammary

Question 4

Venous blood collection horses:

Answer 4

-external jugular
-cephalic vein
-medial saphenous vein
-transverse facial venous sinus

Question 5

Venous blood collection cows:

Answer 5

-external jugular vein
-median caudal vein (tail)

Question 6

Arterial blood collection horses:

Answer 6

-brachial and dorsal metatarsal arteries

Question 7

Arterial blood collection cows:

Answer 7

-axillary, brachial and saphenous arteries

Question 8

Proximal Thoracic Appendage: (stay apparatus)

Answer 8

-weight of thoracic is pushed down to the ground (makes the shoulder and elbow want to flex)
1. fibrous cartilaginous notch fits right into the intermediate tubercule and ‘FIXES’ the shoulder joint
2. lacertus fibrousus via extensor carpi radialis:
*Allows the biceps to really insert all the way down on the cannon (prevents the carpus form buckling over)
3. medial and lateral collateral ligaments:
*Prevent flexion of elbow
**medial head of biceps brachii and anconeus also stabilize the elbow so it doesn’t flex

Question 9

Arthrocentesis:

Answer 9

-“joint” to “puncture or perforate”

Question 10

Arthrocentesis used for:

Answer 10

-administer medication
-intraarticular anesthesia
-collect synovial fluid
-introduce contrast medium
-lavage

Question 11

Stay apparatus (suspensory) horse distal limb: fetlock joint

Answer 11

-interosseous (suspensory ligament)
-proximal sesamoid bones
-distal sesamoidean ligaments

Question 12

Support of suspensory apparatus of fetlock:

Answer 12

-SDFT and its proximal check ligament (forelimb only)
-DDFT and its distal check ligament

Question 13

Nerve blocks

Answer 13

-palmar/plantar digital
-abaxial sesamoid
-low palmar/plantar
-high palmar/plantar

Question 14

What is a horse hoof?

Answer 14

-highly modified hairless skin
-dermis supporting keratinized epidermis
-5 dermal/epidermal pairings

Question 15

5 dermal/epidermal regions:

Answer 15

-perioplic
-coronary
-laminar
-sole
-frog

Question 16

Dermis:

Answer 16

-can be papillate or laminated

Question 17

Papillated dermis:

Answer 17

-epidermis forms tubular and non-tubular horn

Question 18

Tubular horn:

Answer 18

-fills up with keratin and get supper long and then extend to surface

Question 19

Laminar dermis:

Answer 19

-epidermis forms laminar horn

Question 20

Structures deep to the hoof:

Answer 20

-SADP (suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx)
-navicular apparatus
-venous return

Question 21

Bovine distal limb:

Answer 21

-two equine limbs stuck together
-everything of importance (soft tissue wise) is on the back of the limb
-MC/T III &IV
-separate P1, P2, P3
-prox sesamoids: accessory digits
-distal sesamoids

Question 22

Joints: bovine

Answer 22

-carpus-tarsus
-fetlock (metacarpal/tarsal phalangeal joint): 1 synovial joint with 2 joints in it
-proximal interphalangeal joint

Question 23

Muscles: bovine

Answer 23

Back:
-SDFT
-DDFT
-suspensory ligament
Front:
-minor extensors

Question 24

Necrosis of DDFT: bovine

Answer 24

-‘knocked up toe’
-cow just stands on the other toe if DDFT is ruptured
-if a horse has that problem=dead

Question 25

Blood vessels and nerves: bovine

Answer 25

-almost everything on the back and in parallel
-main dorsal vein on the front
*lacerations to the back of the leg are much worse! (cut the blood vessel and the muscles)

Question 26

Hoof: bovine

Answer 26

-wall: many tubules=tough
-sole: less tubules=softer
*hoof grows from coronary band

Question 27

Dealing with abscesses: bovine

Answer 27

-progress horizontally (unlike horses)
-if they are going to burst it is typically at the heel
-complications are rare
*when debris makes it way up the white line and reaches the vasculature

Question 28

Hoof wall: bovine

Answer 28

-growing from the top to the bottom
-connection to the lamina is constantly being disconnected and reconnected to allow the weight to be transferred
>when they stand the weight is transferred down to P3 and then to the hoof wall

Question 29

Laminitis: bovine

Answer 29

-inflammation of the attachment
-lamina start to rip apart
>P3 is now sinking into the sole

Question 30

Foot-rot: (interdigital pododermatitis) :bovine

Answer 30

-infection of the fat pad between the digits (toes)
-very painful
-easy to treat
*if don’t treat quickly, it will go to the joint=game over

Question 31

Sole ulcers: bovine

Answer 31

-hole in the sole that grows from inside out
-it’s not an abscess! (if in white line=abscess)
-when weight is transferred back to the heel
>erosion of heel and overgrowth of the toe

Question 32

Surgical anesthesia: bovine

Answer 32

-nerve blocks=very hard
-intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA): tunicate cannon bone and 12mL lidocaine below that
>needs an accessible vein