ANATOMY (First Test Extra) Flashcards
Subclavian muscle:
-horse: smooth contour between thoracic appendages and neck=a big one
-ox
-pigs
-NOT dogs
Palpable lymph nodes in healthy horses
-mandibular (need to be a horse vet to find them)
Palpable lymph nodes in cattle:
Palpable lymph nodes in cattle:
-mandibular
-superficial cervical (pre-scapular)
-subiliac
-mammary
Venous blood collection horses:
-external jugular
-cephalic vein
-medial saphenous vein
-transverse facial venous sinus
Venous blood collection cows:
-external jugular vein
-median caudal vein (tail)
Arterial blood collection horses:
-brachial and dorsal metatarsal arteries
Arterial blood collection cows:
-axillary, brachial and saphenous arteries
Proximal Thoracic Appendage: (stay apparatus)
-weight of thoracic is pushed down to the ground (makes the shoulder and elbow want to flex)
1. fibrous cartilaginous notch fits right into the intermediate tubercule and ‘FIXES’ the shoulder joint
2. lacertus fibrousus via extensor carpi radialis:
*Allows the biceps to really insert all the way down on the cannon (prevents the carpus form buckling over)
3. medial and lateral collateral ligaments:
*Prevent flexion of elbow
**medial head of biceps brachii and anconeus also stabilize the elbow so it doesn’t flex
Arthrocentesis:
-“joint” to “puncture or perforate”
Arthrocentesis used for:
-administer medication
-intraarticular anesthesia
-collect synovial fluid
-introduce contrast medium
-lavage
Stay apparatus (suspensory) horse distal limb: fetlock joint
-interosseous (suspensory ligament)
-proximal sesamoid bones
-distal sesamoidean ligaments
Support of suspensory apparatus of fetlock:
-SDFT and its proximal check ligament (forelimb only)
-DDFT and its distal check ligament
Nerve blocks
-palmar/plantar digital
-abaxial sesamoid
-low palmar/plantar
-high palmar/plantar
What is a horse hoof?
-highly modified hairless skin
-dermis supporting keratinized epidermis
-5 dermal/epidermal pairings
5 dermal/epidermal regions:
-perioplic
-coronary
-laminar
-sole
-frog
Dermis:
-can be papillate or laminated
Papillated dermis:
-epidermis forms tubular and non-tubular horn
Tubular horn:
-fills up with keratin and get supper long and then extend to surface
Laminar dermis:
-epidermis forms laminar horn
Structures deep to the hoof:
-SADP (suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx)
-navicular apparatus
-venous return
Bovine distal limb:
-two equine limbs stuck together
-everything of importance (soft tissue wise) is on the back of the limb
-MC/T III &IV
-separate P1, P2, P3
-prox sesamoids: accessory digits
-distal sesamoids
Joints: bovine
-carpus-tarsus
-fetlock (metacarpal/tarsal phalangeal joint): 1 synovial joint with 2 joints in it
-proximal interphalangeal joint
Muscles: bovine
Back:
-SDFT
-DDFT
-suspensory ligament
Front:
-minor extensors
Necrosis of DDFT: bovine
-‘knocked up toe’
-cow just stands on the other toe if DDFT is ruptured
-if a horse has that problem=dead
Blood vessels and nerves: bovine
-almost everything on the back and in parallel
-main dorsal vein on the front
*lacerations to the back of the leg are much worse! (cut the blood vessel and the muscles)
Hoof: bovine
-wall: many tubules=tough
-sole: less tubules=softer
*hoof grows from coronary band
Dealing with abscesses: bovine
-progress horizontally (unlike horses)
-if they are going to burst it is typically at the heel
-complications are rare
*when debris makes it way up the white line and reaches the vasculature
Hoof wall: bovine
-growing from the top to the bottom
-connection to the lamina is constantly being disconnected and reconnected to allow the weight to be transferred
>when they stand the weight is transferred down to P3 and then to the hoof wall
Laminitis: bovine
-inflammation of the attachment
-lamina start to rip apart
>P3 is now sinking into the sole
Foot-rot: (interdigital pododermatitis) :bovine
-infection of the fat pad between the digits (toes)
-very painful
-easy to treat
*if don’t treat quickly, it will go to the joint=game over
Sole ulcers: bovine
-hole in the sole that grows from inside out
-it’s not an abscess! (if in white line=abscess)
-when weight is transferred back to the heel
>erosion of heel and overgrowth of the toe
Surgical anesthesia: bovine
-nerve blocks=very hard
-intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA): tunicate cannon bone and 12mL lidocaine below that
>needs an accessible vein
