ANATOMY (Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton)

Question 1

axial

Answer 1

-skull
-mandible
-vertebral column
-ribs

Question 2

appendicular appendages

Answer 2

1. Girdle bones: scapula and tiny clavicle
2. Limb bones: not including your shoulder girdle, humerus

Question 3

bone structure (ex. long bone)

Answer 3

1. epiphysis
2. physis
3. metaphysis
4. diaphysis

Question 4

epiphysis

Answer 4

-on either end

Question 5

physis

Answer 5

-ephiphyseal plate
-‘growth’ plate
-between the epiphysis and the metaphysis

Question 6

metaphysis

Answer 6

-where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis

Question 7

diaphysis

Answer 7

-main portion of long bone
*provides strength

Question 8

appendicular adaptations in cursorial mammals (adapted to run)

Answer 8

1. Reduced/absent clavicles
2. Elongated distal limb bones
3. Digitgrade or unguligrade posture
4. Fused, ruduced and/or absent limb bones
5. Proximal concentration of muscle mass

Question 9

reduced/absent clavicles

Answer 9

-common domestic animals don’t have a functional clavicle
-scapula is attached with muscle
-run faster (scapula is moving cranially and caudally in the sagitall plane)

Question 10

elongated distal limb bones

Answer 10

-get away from predators/catch prey

Question 11

digitigrade on unguligrade posture

Answer 11

Digitigrade: only phalanges touch ground (not wrist or ankle)(ex. dogs)
Unguligrade: only hoof (tip of one or two digits) touches the ground (ex. horses)
*unguligrade: increases stride length

Question 12

fused, reduced and/or absent limb bones

Answer 12

-create stability
-weight reduction: makes limb more proximally heavy

Question 13

proximal concentration of muscle mass

Answer 13

-horse have no muscle below carpus and tarsus (just tendons and ligaments)
*reduces weight of the limb=increases stride length

Question 14

coxal tuber

Answer 14

-hook

Question 15

ischial tuber

Answer 15

-pin