FORM & FUNCTION (Plasma Membrane/Fluid Composition)

Question 1

cell

Answer 1

-basic unit of life
-surrounded by cell membrane
-various organelles to perform various functions
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic

Question 2

prokaryotic cells

Answer 2

-simple structure
-no nucleus
-small size
Ex. Bacteria and Archea

Question 3

importance of prokaryotic cells in vet med

Answer 3

-pathogenic bacteria cause infections
-beneficial bacteria in gut microbiome
-use of antibiotic for treatment and selective pressures leading to anitbiotic resistance

Question 4

eukaryotic cells

Answer 4

-complex structure
-membrane-bound nucleus
-larger size

Question 5

Importance of eukaryotic cells in vet med

Answer 5

-understanding disease pathogenesis at the cellular level
-knowledge of cell biology and function to inform diagonis and treatment strategies

Question 6

lipid bilayer

Answer 6

-two layers of phospholipids (each have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
-provides a semi-permeable barrier between cell’s interior and exterior environments

Question 7

membrane proteins

Answer 7

1. Integral proteins
   -embedded within the lipid bilayer
   Ex. ion channels, transporters
2. Peripheral proteins
   -loosely attached to the membrane surface
   Ex. G protein subunit of GPCR

Question 8

cholesterol

Answer 8

-interspersed within the lipid bilayer to modulate membrane fluidity and stability

Question 9

glycolipids and glycoproteins

Answer 9

-CHO chains attached to lipids or proteins on cell surface (glycocalyx)
-contribute to cell recognition, adhesion and signalling

Question 10

Functions of PM

Answer 10

1. regulates pass of molecules in and out of cell
2. Enables cell adhesion and recognition (tissue development)
3. Provide structural support to maintain cell shape and facilitates movement
4. Facilitates communication and signal transduction between cells

Question 11

transition electron microscopy

Answer 11

-see dark lines=bilayer
-small gaps between bilayer
-fussiness is contributed by the glycocalyx

Question 12

lumen

Answer 12

-where fluid and air goes (empty space)

Question 13

cytoskeleton

Answer 13

-supports cell structure
-enables movement and shape changes

Question 14

nucleus

Answer 14

-stores DNA
-controls cell division
-replication

Question 15

mitochondria

Answer 15

-energy production
-immunity

Question 16

ribosomes

Answer 16

-synthesizes proteins

Question 17

rER

Answer 17

-involved in protein synthesis
-ribosomes attach to send proteins through for modification

Question 18

sER

Answer 18

-synthesizes cholesterol, steroids, CHO, lipids, phopholipids, detoxifies (liver)

Question 19

Golgi

Answer 19

-modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids for transport

Question 20

lysosome

Answer 20

-digests and breaks down cellular waste and foreign particles

Question 21

peroxisomes

Answer 21

-generates/degrades hydrogen peroxide (liver and kidney)

Question 22

inclusion bodies

Answer 22

-stores nutrients, contains pigments

Question 23

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 23

-solution within the cell

Question 24

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 24

-solution outside the cell

Question 25

solution

Answer 25

-applied to any homogenous mixture
-most frequently in liquid state (can also be gas state)

Question 26

solvent

Answer 26

-a substance whose physical state is preserved when a solution is formed or a substance present in a larger amount

Question 27

solute

Answer 27

-substance whose physical state is changed when a solution is formed

Question 28

Total body water

Answer 28

60% of body weight
-40% is ICF
-20% is ECF
>15% interstitial fluid
>5% plasma
>transcellular fluid (variable: urine, meals)

Question 29

ion distribution within ECF and ICF

Answer 29

-ECF: mostly Na+ and Cl-
-ICF: mostly K+
-despite differences in distribution, cations (+) and anions (-) in body fluids are equal to maintain electroneutrality

Question 30

plasma components

Answer 30

-91% water
-9% solutes (2% salts, 7% proteins)

Question 31

dissociable solute

Answer 31

-NaCl
-KCl
-CaCl2
-MgCl2
-NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
*slats are dissociated into charged ion particles

Question 32

non-dissociable solute

Answer 32

-glucose
-urea
-albumin

Question 33

positive charge ions

Answer 33

Monovalent: Na+, K+
Bivalent: Mg2+, Ca2+

Question 34

negative charge ions

Answer 34

-Cl-

Question 35

molarity

Answer 35

-nubmer of moles of solute in 1L solution

Question 36

molality

Answer 36

-number of moles of solute in 1kg of solvent

Question 37

percent weight volume

Answer 37

-number of grams of solute in 100mL solution

Question 38

osmolarity

Answer 38

-number of osmoles in 1L of solution

Question 39

osmolality

Answer 39

-number of osmoles in 1kg of solvent

Question 40

equivalents

Answer 40

-number of osmoses of an ion, multiplied by the valence of that ion in 1L of solution (used for electrolyte solutions)

Question 41

salt dissociation

Answer 41

-when salts dissociate in water they dissociate into their constituent ions
-ions carry a positive or negative electrical charge, which plays a cruicial role in various physiological processes

Question 42

soduim (Na+)

Answer 42

-important for fluid balance, nerve transmission and muscle function

Question 43

potassium (K+)

Answer 43

-essential for maintain cellular membrane potential, nerve function and muscle contractions

Question 44

calcium (Ca2+)

Answer 44

-key for bone health, blood clotting and intracellular signalling

Question 45

Choloride (Cl-)

Answer 45

-vital for fluid balance, acid-base regulation and nerve function

Question 46

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Answer 46

-critical for maintaining acid-base balance and pH homeostasis