FORM & FUNCTION (Plasma Membrane/Fluid Composition) Flashcards
cell
-basic unit of life
-surrounded by cell membrane
-various organelles to perform various functions
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
prokaryotic cells
-simple structure
-no nucleus
-small size
Ex. Bacteria and Archea
importance of prokaryotic cells in vet med
-pathogenic bacteria cause infections
-beneficial bacteria in gut microbiome
-use of antibiotic for treatment and selective pressures leading to anitbiotic resistance
eukaryotic cells
-complex structure
-membrane-bound nucleus
-larger size
Importance of eukaryotic cells in vet med
-understanding disease pathogenesis at the cellular level
-knowledge of cell biology and function to inform diagonis and treatment strategies
lipid bilayer
-two layers of phospholipids (each have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
-provides a semi-permeable barrier between cell’s interior and exterior environments
membrane proteins
- Integral proteins
-embedded within the lipid bilayer
Ex. ion channels, transporters - Peripheral proteins
-loosely attached to the membrane surface
Ex. G protein subunit of GPCR
cholesterol
-interspersed within the lipid bilayer to modulate membrane fluidity and stability
glycolipids and glycoproteins
-CHO chains attached to lipids or proteins on cell surface (glycocalyx)
-contribute to cell recognition, adhesion and signalling
Functions of PM
- regulates pass of molecules in and out of cell
- Enables cell adhesion and recognition (tissue development)
- Provide structural support to maintain cell shape and facilitates movement
- Facilitates communication and signal transduction between cells
transition electron microscopy
-see dark lines=bilayer
-small gaps between bilayer
-fussiness is contributed by the glycocalyx
lumen
-where fluid and air goes (empty space)
cytoskeleton
-supports cell structure
-enables movement and shape changes
nucleus
-stores DNA
-controls cell division
-replication
mitochondria
-energy production
-immunity
ribosomes
-synthesizes proteins
rER
-involved in protein synthesis
-ribosomes attach to send proteins through for modification
sER
-synthesizes cholesterol, steroids, CHO, lipids, phopholipids, detoxifies (liver)
Golgi
-modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids for transport
lysosome
-digests and breaks down cellular waste and foreign particles
peroxisomes
-generates/degrades hydrogen peroxide (liver and kidney)
inclusion bodies
-stores nutrients, contains pigments
intracellular fluid (ICF)
-solution within the cell
extracellular fluid (ECF)
-solution outside the cell
solution
-applied to any homogenous mixture
-most frequently in liquid state (can also be gas state)
solvent
-a substance whose physical state is preserved when a solution is formed or a substance present in a larger amount
solute
-substance whose physical state is changed when a solution is formed
Total body water
60% of body weight
-40% is ICF
-20% is ECF
>15% interstitial fluid
>5% plasma
>transcellular fluid (variable: urine, meals)
ion distribution within ECF and ICF
-ECF: mostly Na+ and Cl-
-ICF: mostly K+
-despite differences in distribution, cations (+) and anions (-) in body fluids are equal to maintain electroneutrality
plasma components
-91% water
-9% solutes (2% salts, 7% proteins)
dissociable solute
-NaCl
-KCl
-CaCl2
-MgCl2
-NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
*slats are dissociated into charged ion particles
non-dissociable solute
-glucose
-urea
-albumin
positive charge ions
Monovalent: Na+, K+
Bivalent: Mg2+, Ca2+
negative charge ions
-Cl-
molarity
-nubmer of moles of solute in 1L solution
molality
-number of moles of solute in 1kg of solvent
percent weight volume
-number of grams of solute in 100mL solution
osmolarity
-number of osmoles in 1L of solution
osmolality
-number of osmoles in 1kg of solvent
equivalents
-number of osmoses of an ion, multiplied by the valence of that ion in 1L of solution (used for electrolyte solutions)
salt dissociation
-when salts dissociate in water they dissociate into their constituent ions
-ions carry a positive or negative electrical charge, which plays a cruicial role in various physiological processes
soduim (Na+)
-important for fluid balance, nerve transmission and muscle function
potassium (K+)
-essential for maintain cellular membrane potential, nerve function and muscle contractions
calcium (Ca2+)
-key for bone health, blood clotting and intracellular signalling
Choloride (Cl-)
-vital for fluid balance, acid-base regulation and nerve function
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
-critical for maintaining acid-base balance and pH homeostasis
