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VET YEAR ONE > ANATOMY (Cartilage and Bone) > Flashcards

ANATOMY (Cartilage and Bone) Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue fibers:

A
  1. Collagenous fibers (20 types)
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
    -each connective tissue will have 3 fibers
    *produced inside the fibroblasts
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2
Q

Collagen fibers:

A

-most common
-more than 20 types
-fibril forming (Type I, II, III, V, XI)
-fibril anchoring (Type IX, XII, XIV)
-anchoring fibril forming (Type VII)
-networking forming (Type IV)

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3
Q

Reticular fibers:

A

-fibril forming collagen (Type III)
-singular collagen fiber

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4
Q

Elastic fibers:

A

-stretchable (elastin and fibrillin)

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5
Q

Fascia:

A

-loose irregular connective tissue

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6
Q

Aponeurosis:

A

-dense irregular connective tissue
*when need more strength

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7
Q

Tendons and ligaments:

A

-dense regular connective tissues
-runs in ONE direction
-prevents pulling

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8
Q

Cartilage:

A

-pliable and firm matrix
-considerable tensile strength
Ex. trachea: use cartilage to maintain the shape and keep it open

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9
Q

Properties of cartilage:

A

-avascular: no blood (no bleeding)
-alymphatic: no lymph
-aneural: no nerves (no pain)

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10
Q

Cartilage cells:

A

-chondroblasts
-chondrocytes

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11
Q

Chondroblasts:

A

-located at periphery of growing cartilage
-oval basophilic cell located in a lucuna
-dividing cell and forms matrix

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12
Q

Chondrocytes:

A

-elongated to spherical cell
-glycogen and lipid droplets in older chondrocytes
-fill lacunae in living state, but have artifactual space in fixed tissue

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13
Q

Cartilage matrix:

A

-ground amorphous substances (GAGs) and fibers
-mainly type II collagen fibers (Type I collagen in fibrocartilage)
-proteoglycans
-aggrecan

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14
Q

Proteoglycans:

A

-bind to collagen to create sieves

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15
Q

Aggrecan:

A

-formed by binding of proteoglycans to hyaluronic acid
>role in transporting water and electrolytes

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16
Q

GAGs:

A

-7 types
-non-sulfated GAG (hyaluronic acid: present in cartilage)
-sulfated GAGs (3 present in cartilage)

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17
Q

Perichondrium:

A
  1. Inner cellular layer (chondrogenic)
  2. Outer fibrous layer
    *surrounds cartilage (except on articular surface)
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18
Q

Classification of cartilage:

A

-based on type of fibers in matrix
>hyaline cartilage
>elastic cartilage
>fibrocartilage

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19
Q

Hyaline cartilage:

A

-firm gel with type II collagen fibers
>have some refractive index as ground substance, so NOT visible
-periphery: small chondrocytes
-deep part: large and polyhedral chondrocytes
-sometimes 2,4 or more chondrocytes per lacuna

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage location:

A

-everywhere in body
-80-90%
-cover articulate service of bone or embedded within tissues (ex. trachea)

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21
Q

Small chondrocytes: hyaline cartilage

A

-in elliptical lacunae running parallel to surface

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22
Q

Elastic cartilage:

A

-located where elasticity and rigidity are needed
-only few elastic fibers near perichondrium
-dense network of elastic fibers within deeper part
-greater variation in size of lacunae than hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

Elastic cartilage location:

A

*purpose to make it more flexible
-ear
-epiglottis

24
Q

Fibrocartilage:

A

-least frequent occurrence
-type I collagen fibers are present in the matrix (visible with routine stains)
-rows of small lacunae with chondrocytes parallel to collagen bundles
-amorphous matrix close to lacunae

25
Q

Fibrocartilage lacks:

A

-cellular chondrogenic layer of perichondrium

26
Q

Fibrocartilage location:

A

-between a tendon and a cartilage
Ex. vertebral disks and stifle joint

27
Q

Development of cartilage:

A

-embryological origin from mesenchymal cells
-cell (chondroblasts) cluster as center of chondrification
-secrete amorphous substance and Type II collagen (increased matrix)

28
Q

Increased matrix:

A

-leads to isolation of chondrocytes

29
Q

During development growth of cartilage can occur by:

A

-interstitial growth
-appositional growth

30
Q

Nutrition of cartilage:

A

-avascular: nutrition by diffusion
>from capillaries outside the perichondrium
>from synovial fluid
>vascular channels penetrate if cartilage is thicker than 3mm

31
Q

Bone:

A

-dynamic tissue (constant renewal and remodeling)
-vascular
-contain bone marrow in medullary

32
Q

Bone cells and fibers:

A

-embedded in hard unbending mineralized matrix

33
Q

Bone cells:

A

-osteoblasts
-osteocyte
-osteoclast

34
Q

Osteoblast:

A

-active formation and mineralization of matrix
-deposits osteoid (collagen I and proteoglycans)
-located near surfaces (flattened to columnar cell)
-basally located nucleus
-basophilic cytoplasm (prominent rER and golgi)

35
Q

Mineralization:

A
  1. Secretory vesicles in osteoblasts
  2. Released matrix vesicles and collagen fibers
  3. Early mineralization around vesicles
  4. Matrix becoming confluent
36
Q

Osteoblasts to osteocytes:

A

-osteoblasts surround themselves by osteoid and change to osteocytes

37
Q

Osteocyte:

A

-principal cell in mature bone
-essential for preserving bone structure
-lesser rER and golgi than osteoblast
-more lysosomes
-resides in lacuna and extend process through canaliculi
-removes and replaces perilacunar bone (up to 1microm meter)

38
Q

Osteoclasts:

A

-large (40-100 micrometer)
-multinucleated (15-30)
-on surface of bone
-resorb bone
-ruffled borders in activated cells (ie. Infoldings)
-secrete acid and lysosomal enzymes

39
Q

Resorb bone: osteoclasts:

A

-create resorption bays: Howship lacunae

40
Q

Bone matrix:

A

-osteoid
-collagen fibers course spirally in each lamella of osteon
-osteoid mineralization: store house of calcium and phosphorous

41
Q

Osteoid: bone matrix

A

-type I collagen and ground substance

42
Q

Osteoid mineralization

A

-by deposition of needle-like hydroxyapatite crystals between collagen fibers
>are mobilized when needed

43
Q

Macroscopic structure of bone:

A

-epiphyses
-diaphysis
-medullary cavity
-physis and metaphysis

44
Q

Epiphyses:

A

-at both extremities
-spongy bone covered by articular cartilage

45
Q

Diaphysis:

A

-shaft of the bone
-compact bone containing a medullary cavity
-covered by periosteum and lined by endosteum

46
Q

Medullary cavity:

A

-young animals: filled with red bone marrow
-adults: yellow bone marrow

47
Q

Physis and metaphysis:

A

-hyaline cartilage
-growth plate
-separates the epiphysis and diaphysis in growing animals

48
Q

Microscopic structure of bone:

A

-decalcified bone (ground preparation)
-osteons
-central and perforating canals
-periosteum

49
Q

Osteons:

A

-central (haversian)canal
-concentric or haversian lamellae
-lacunae located between concentric lamellae
-interstitial lamellae
-outer and inner circumferential lamellae
-perforating (Volkman’s canal)

50
Q

Periosteum:

A

-anchored to outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae by perforating fibers
-inner osteogenic layer
-outer fibrous layer

51
Q

Inner osteogenic layer: periosteum

A

-more prominent in young

52
Q

Outer fibrous layer (periosteum)

A

-dense
-irregular connective tissue

53
Q

Bone differences from cartilage:

A

-presence of canalicular system
-direct vascular supply

54
Q

Structural and functional characteristics of bone:

A

-unique lacunar-canalicular system for nutrition
-canaliculi travel from one lacuna to another and to bone surface to open in connective tissue close to capillaries
-no osteocyte more than 100 micrometre away from a capillary

55
Q

Cartilage take away:

A

-bendable but firm
-no bleeding
-no pain
-contains perichondrium, chondroblasts, chondrocytes in lacunae and matrix
-three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

56
Q

Bone take away:

A

-hard and vascular
-dynamic tissue (osteoid and minerals)
-contains osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
-compact bone

57
Q

Compact bone take away:

A

-arranged in osteons, interstitial and circumferential lamellae
-lined by periosteum and endosteum

VET YEAR ONE (108 decks)

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