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VET YEAR ONE > ANATOMY (Skin) > Flashcards

ANATOMY (Skin) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of skin:

A

-thermal regulation
-sensory
-protection and barrier (pathogens, water)
-metabolic (synthesize vitamin D3)
-sexual signalling (pigmentation and hair)
-mechanical strength
-flies (twitch)
-visually siganlling device
-olfactory signalling device

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2
Q

skin size

A

-largest organ in the body
-15-20% of total body weight in humans
-integument or cutaneous layer
-much greater than the liver
-about half the collagen in body
-20% of the body’s protein

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3
Q

layers of skin

A

-epidermis
-dermis
-hypodermis

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4
Q

epidermis

A

-epithelial layer of ectodermal origin
-outermost part
-epidermal derivatives
-melanin
-epidermal ridges
-lacks vasculature
-keratinized
-limited physical strength
-resistant to friction
-inhibits diffusion
-sustains homeostasis

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5
Q

epidermal derivatives

A

-hairs
-nails
-sebaceous and sweat glands

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6
Q

cells of epidermis

A

-stratified squarmous keratinized =keratinocytes
>melanocyes
>antigen presenting Langerhaans cells
>tacticle epithelial cells: Merkel cells

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7
Q

thickness of skin=

A

-thickness of epidermis
>major distinction between thick (palms and soles) and thin skin

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8
Q

Dermal papillae:

A

-irregular junction between epidermis and dermis
-projections that interdigitate with invaginating epidermal ridges=strengthens adhesion of the two layers

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9
Q

Immune (Langerhans) cell:

A

-similar to macrophages in rest of body
-sensory cells
-first cells that will encounter incoming pathogens

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10
Q

Sensory (Merkel) cell:

A

-case
-nervous system origin

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11
Q

Melanocyte:

A

-produce melanin pigment
-they are permeant
-come from neural crest during development
-melanin: injected into cells (why when you get a wound, you lose colour)

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12
Q

Dermal-epidermal interdigitations:

A

-peg-and-socket variety in most skin=epidermal ridges-and-dermal papillae
-thick skin (palms and soles): well-formed ridges and grooves=more subject to friction
-different patterns for each person (dermatoglyphs = finger + footprints)

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13
Q

layers of epidermis (bottom to top)

A

-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum corneum

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14
Q

Stratum basale

A

-One cell thick
-Mostly miotic cells (intense mitotic activity)
-Hair follicle sheaths that are continuous with the epidermis
-Hemidesmosomes in basal cell membrane join them to basal lamina
-Desmosomes bind the layer together in the later and upper surfaces

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15
Q

stratum basale (mitotic activity)

A

-Progenitor cells for all epidermal layers (also in the deepest part of the next layer): basal stem cells for keratinocytes
-*characteristic cytoskeletal keratins (10nm diameter)

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16
Q

stratum spinous

A

-Synthesis of keratin and other proteins (polyhedral cells)
-Thickest layer (epidermal ridges)
-basal layer: stratum germinativum

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17
Q

stratum germinativum (basal layer of stratum spinous)

A

-where some cells still divide
-Keratin filaments assemble in tonofibrils
1. These converge and terminate at numerous desmosomes holding the cell layers together
2. Spines or ‘prickles’ at cell surfaces: Cells extend slightly around the tonofibrils on both sides of the desmosomes

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18
Q

stratum granulosum

A

-3-5 layers of flattened cells
-Undergoing terminal differentiation process of keratinization
-Cytoplasms filled with keratohyaline granules (basophilic masses)
-Golgi-derived lamellar granules

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19
Q

keratohyaline granules (stratum granulosum)

A

-Dense, non-membrane bound masses of filaggrin and other proteins associated with keratin tonofibrils

20
Q

golgi-derived lamellar granulles (stratum granulosum)

A

-Many lamellae containing various lipids and glycolipids
-Under exocytosis producing a lipid-rich impermeable layer around the cells
*barrier for skins water loss

21
Q

Stratum lucidum:

A

-only in thick skin
-translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes held together by desmosomes
-nuclei and organelles are lost
-cytoplasm consists of packed keratin filaments embedded in an electron-dense matrix

22
Q

Stratum corneum

A

-Dead squames composed mostly of keratin
-15-20 layers of squamous cells
-Keratin filaments contain at least 6 different polypeptides
-Continuously sheds at the epidermal surface as desmosomes and lipid-rich cell envelope breaks

23
Q

Keratinization and production of lipid-rich layer:

A

-prevents water loss
-also prevents penetration by most foreign materials

24
Q

As cells move upwards:

A

-amount and types of keratin filaments increase until they represent about half the total protein in superficial keratinocytes

25
Q

Friction blisters:

A

-lymph-filled spaces between epidermis and dermis of thick skin

26
Q

Thicker skin:

A

-subject to continuous friction and pressure
-thicker stratum spinosum with more abundant tonofibrils and desmosomes
-stratum lucidum

27
Q

Basal cell and squamous cell cancers:

A

-where 1/3 of cancers originate
-both can be diagnosed and excised early

28
Q

dermis

A

-Mesodermal connective tissues
-Supports epidermis and binds it to subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
-Thickness varies on region of body
-Irregular surface
-2 sublayers with indistinct boundaries
-Rich network of blood and lymphatic vessels (vascular)
-Strong
-Collagen rich: runs in random directions (flexibility and strength)
-Well innervated
-Cannot maintain homeostasis

29
Q

2 sublayers in dermis

A
  1. Papillary layer
  2. Recticular layer
30
Q

Skin subject to frequent pressure:

A

-dermis had many dermal papillae to reinforce the dermal-epidermal junction

31
Q

Thin skin dermis:

A

-more cellular and well-vascularized
-less elastin
-less coarse bundles of collagen

32
Q

Papillary layer (dermis)

A

-dermal papillae
-loose connective tissues (collagen fibers)
-fibroblasts
-scattered mast cells
-dendritic cell
-leukocytes
-anchoring fibrils into basal lamina to help bind the dermis to epidermis

33
Q

Reticular layer:

A

-much thicker
-dense irregular connective tissues
-more fibers and fewer cells than papillary layer
-network of elastic fibers also present

34
Q

Hypodermis (or subcutaneous tissue)

A

-Loose connective tissue layer
-Contains pads of adipocytes
-Binds skin loosely to underlying tissues
-Corresponds to superficial fascia of gross anatomy
-Appears similar to dermis
-Fewer fibers
-Layer that allows your skin to move freely (ex. where you inject)

35
Q

nerve endings in the skin

A

-tactile (meissner) corpuscles
-krause bulb
-free nerve endings
-root hair plexus
-lamellated (picinian) corpuscles

36
Q

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

A

-Light touch
-Consist of sensory axons winding among Schwaan cells
-Initiate impulses when light-touch against skin temporarily deform their shape
-Numerous in fingertips, palms and soles
-Decline during aging after puberty

37
Q

Krause bulb

A

-Pressure
-Encapsulated structure
-Collagenous capsules penetrated by a sensory fiber
-Primarily in skin, penis and clitoris
-Sense low-frequency vibrations

38
Q

Free nerve endings

A

-Temperature
-Pain
-Itching
-Touch

39
Q

Root hair plexus

A

-Mechanoreceptors for touch

40
Q

Lamellated (picinian) corpuscles

A

-Sustained touch/pressure
-Vibrations
-Distortion of capsule amplifies a mechanical stimulase to the axonal core
-Also found in connective tissue of organs deep in the body (wall of rectum and urinary bladder)

41
Q

Apocrine sweat glands:

A

-secrete more protein-rich sweat into follicles of hair in skin
-tubular glands
-open into a hair follicle
-smelly glands
-development depends on sex hormones (not complete and functional until puberty)
Ex. in humans: only in hairy parts of the body

42
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands:

A

-not associated with hair follicles
-secrete a watery secretion (increase traction)
-empty secretion onto skin surface via pores
-most numerous on foot soles
-myoepithelial cells
1. Light cells: ion pump
2. Dark cells: mucous secretion

43
Q

light cells: ion pump (eccrine sweat glands)

A

-produce the sweat
-lots of mitochondria and microvilli to provide large SA
-interstitial fluid from capillary rich dermis around gland is transported into them

44
Q

Myoepithelial cells:

A

-when signalled to released sweat, cell contracts to move watery secretion into duct

45
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands:

A

-associated with hair follicles
-oil producing (secrete sebum into short ducts)

VET YEAR ONE (108 decks)

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