F.14 Participatory health economics

Question 1

What is the term ‘patient’ derived from?

Answer 1

The Latin ‘pati’ - to suffer.

The term ‘patient’ has historical connotations that include stigma and an unequal relationship with healthcare providers.

Question 2

What are the definitions of ‘consumer’ and ‘customer’ according to Collins?

Answer 2

• Consumer: a person who buys things or uses services
• Customer: a person who buys, or a person with whom one has dealings.

Question 3

What do many consumers desire regarding their health information?

Answer 3

Confidential, secure, and protected access to their health information.

Question 4

What percentage of Australians want their doctor to suggest health information websites?

Answer 4

77%.

Question 5

What is the main concern of Australians regarding online health sources?

Answer 5

Only a small proportion (6%) manage to find an online health source that they trust.

Question 6

What do health consumers and carers want in terms of decision-making?

Answer 6

To take control of decisions regarding their health and access their personal health information.

Question 7

What do Australians believe about repeating their medical histories?

Answer 7

They are tired of repeating their medical histories when meeting healthcare providers.

Question 8

What is the projected percentage of digital natives in the Australian population by 2035?

Answer 8

72%.

Question 9

What are some characteristics of digital natives regarding healthcare?

Answer 9

• Prefer proactive engagement in their own health
• Rely on a broader array of internet resources
• Expect better digital engagement
• Less loyal to healthcare providers.

Question 10

What is a patient portal?

Answer 10

A secure website giving patients online access to personal health information.

Question 11

What are common barriers to the use of patient portals?

Answer 11

• Negative patient attitudes
• Sub-optimal user interfaces
• Privacy and security concerns.

Question 12

What do patients value about using portals?

Answer 12

Convenience and immediate access to their health information.

Question 13

What is the definition of ‘virtual care’?

Answer 13

A healthcare delivery approach across the whole consumer well-being lifecycle.

Question 14

What does telemedicine refer to?

Answer 14

Medical service delivery where patients and providers are separated.

Question 15

What is mHealth defined as?

Answer 15

The use of mobile wireless technologies for health.

Question 16

What has been the impact of Covid-19 on telehealth usage in Australia?

Answer 16

Telehealth usage significantly increased due to the pandemic.

Question 17

What percentage of all Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) services were delivered via telehealth by May 2020?

Answer 17

26%.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: Digital natives consider _______ their most important health-related priorities.

Answer 18

[preventive healthcare and self-care].

Question 19

True or False: Digital natives are more likely to be loyal to healthcare providers.

Answer 19

False.

Question 20

What is one expected outcome of using patient portals?

Answer 20

Improving adherence to medications.

Question 21

What is a significant concern regarding portal use among vulnerable populations?

Answer 21

Lower usage may lead to intervention-generated inequity.

Question 22

What approach is preferable for developing patient portals?

Answer 22

Iterative co-design with patients.

Question 23

What percentage of Medicare Benefits Schedule services were delivered via telehealth by May 2020?

Answer 23

26%

This included 23% of GP and mental health consultations, 19% of nurse practitioner consultations, 13% of specialist consultations, and only 3% of allied health consultations.

Question 24

What was the proportion of telehealth consultations by April 2021?

Answer 24

17%

This indicates a significant decrease from earlier in the pandemic.

Question 25

What percentage of telehealth consultations were conducted via telephone?

Answer 25

93% ## Footnote This highlights the reliance on 'low tech' solutions in telehealth.

Question 26

What is the consensus on the proportion of primary care consultations that could be undertaken via telehealth?

Answer 26

40 – 50% ## Footnote This is a general agreement among experts regarding telehealth's potential in primary care.

Question 27

What are some benefits of telehealth for specific patient populations?

Answer 27

* Beneficial for rural and remote areas * Helpful for those with transportation barriers * Useful for patients facing provider shortages * Effective for patients with chronic conditions

Question 28

How can emergency telehealth consultations improve patient care?

Answer 28

By improving triage and decreasing the time to decisions about transport, treatment, and ultimately patient care.

Question 29

What are some potential benefits of virtual care?

Answer 29

* Enhanced patient experiences * Improved care coordination * Expanded access for patients and clinicians * Better clinical outcomes * Cost reallocation * Increased efficiency

Question 30

What is a personal health record (PHR)?

Answer 30

A representation of information regarding an individual's health, which may integrate health information from multiple sources and is managed by the individual.

Question 31

What are common functions of personal health records?

Answer 31

* View clinical documents * Manage personal information * Manage medication information * Communicate with healthcare providers * Manage appointments * Access health education resources * Manage self-health data

Question 32

What are typical risks associated with the use of personal health records?

Answer 32

* Privacy and security threats * Inconsistent data quality * Lack of comprehensive interoperability

Question 33

What is My Health Record?

Answer 33

Australia's national personal health record system that stores medical conditions, treatments, medications, allergies, diagnostics, and personal notes.

Question 34

What are some notable findings from the review of the My Health Record system in 2013?

Answer 34

* Overwhelming support for a consistent electronic health record * Strong evidence that data aggregation leads to better outcomes * Need for changes in direction for implementation

Question 35

What are self-care systems?

Answer 35

Apps and devices that allow individuals to monitor their health, manage treatments, and make health-related decisions.

Question 36

What are some safety concerns regarding self-care systems?

Answer 36

* Incomplete and incorrect information * Incorrect outputs * Lack of expert involvement in app development

Question 37

What is the trend in Australians seeking health information online?

Answer 37

84% of Australians go online first for health information, including 69% of those aged 65 and over.

Question 38

What is a significant barrier to the widespread use of virtual care services?

Answer 38

Lack of incentives for funding primary care consultations.

Question 39

What is a common enabler for the successful implementation of virtual care?

Answer 39

Clear purpose and effective targeting.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: During the pandemic, the focus shifted from health service interactions to _______.

Answer 40

technology

Question 41

True or False: The majority of telehealth consultations are conducted using advanced technology.

Answer 41

False ## Footnote 93% of telehealth consultations were via telephone, indicating low-tech usage.

Question 42

What percentage of Australians go online first when searching for health information?

Answer 42

84% ## Footnote This includes 69% of Australians aged 65 and over.

Question 43

What is a notable issue with health information found online?

Answer 43

Misinformation ## Footnote The Internet is notorious for its misinformation.

Question 44

What is a key benefit of the Internet for health information?

Answer 44

Access to high-quality information ## Footnote This benefit is for those who know where or how to look for it.

Question 45

What does the MedlinePlus Guide to Healthy Web Surfing recommend using?

Answer 45

Sites/resources of recognised authorities ## Footnote This advice is from the US National Library of Medicine.

Question 46

What should users focus on when evaluating online health content?

Answer 46

Who produced the content and relying on medical research, not opinion ## Footnote This ensures the reliability of the information.

Question 47

What attitude should online health information seekers adopt according to the MedlinePlus Guide?

Answer 47

Be a cyber sceptic ## Footnote This includes checking more than one site.

Question 48

What is important to check regarding the funding of health information sites?

Answer 48

Identify who provides funding for the sites/resources ## Footnote Understanding funding sources can help assess bias.

Question 49

What should users check about the information found online?

Answer 49

Currency ## Footnote Ensuring the information is up-to-date is crucial for health decisions.

Question 50

What aspect of online resources should be checked for user safety?

Answer 50

Privacy protections ## Footnote This ensures that personal information is safeguarded.

Question 51

Where can one find more information about My Health Record?

Answer 51

Australian Digital Health Agency webpage ## Footnote The webpage provides comprehensive details on My Health Record.