D.6 Change management Flashcards
Employ appropriate, effective and efficient change management methodologies.
What is the primary reason a species survives according to the quote by Megginson?
The species that survives is the one that is able best to adapt and adjust to the changing environment.
List the methodologies discussed for change management.
- Kotter’s 8 Steps
- Prosci’s change management methodology (ADKAR)
- The Change Curve (Kubler Ross)
- The Change Leader’s Roadmap
- The Three-Stage Change model
What is Step 1 of Kotter’s 8 Steps?
Establish a sense of urgency
What does establishing a sense of urgency entail?
Encouraging stakeholders to see the need for change and convincing them of the importance of taking action immediately.
What is Step 2 of Kotter’s 8 Steps?
Create the guiding coalition
What are the four qualities of an effective guiding coalition according to Kotter?
- Positional power
- Expertise
- Credibility
- Leadership
What is the purpose of developing a change vision in Kotter’s model?
To clarify how the future will be different from the past.
What are the six characteristics of compelling visions as per Kotter?
- Imaginable
- Desirable
- Feasible
- Focused
- Flexible
- Communicable
What does Step 4 of Kotter’s 8 Steps focus on?
Communicate the vision for buy-in
List the four key communication strategies Kotter recommends for vision communication.
- Simple
- Vivid
- Repeatable
- Invitational
What is the focus of Step 5 in Kotter’s 8 Steps?
Empower broad-based action
What does generating short-term wins involve according to Step 6 of Kotter’s model?
Creating visible, unambiguous success as soon as possible and recognizing and rewarding those involved.
What is the significance of Step 7 ‘Never let up’ in Kotter’s model?
To use the momentum built to address things that don’t fit the vision.
What does Step 8 of Kotter’s 8 Steps entail?
Incorporate changes into the culture
What are the three main components of Prosci’s change management methodology?
- The 3-phase process
- The PCT model
- The ADKAR model
What are the three phases of Prosci’s change management process?
- Preparing the approach
- Managing the change
- Sustaining the outcomes
What does the PCT model emphasize?
- A well-articulated definition of success
- Strong leadership/sponsorship
- Effective project management
- Effective change management
What does the ADKAR model stand for?
- Awareness
- Desire
- Knowledge
- Ability
- Reinforcement
What are the five stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross’s change curve?
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
What is the basic premise of change curve models?
Individuals tend to experience specific reactions to change at different rates and degrees.
What is the first phase of the Change Leader’s Roadmap?
Preparing
List the nine phases of the Change Leader’s Roadmap.
- Preparing
- Creating the vision, commitment and capability
- Assessing to determine design requirements
- Designing the desired state
- Analysing the impacts
- Planning and organising for implementation
- Implementing
- Celebrating and integrating
- Learning and correcting (fine-tuning)
What is the focus of the phase ‘Creating the vision, commitment and capability’ in the Change Leader’s Roadmap?
Fleshing out and validating the initial phase by taking it outside the change team to the whole organisation.
What is the first stage of Kurt Lewin’s Three-Stage Model for change?
Unfreezing
This stage involves preparing the organization to accept that change is necessary by breaking down the status quo.
What are the keys to the unfreezing stage in Lewin’s model?
- Developing a compelling message showing why the status quo cannot continue
- Challenging existing beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors
- Creating a compelling need for change
- Communicating the vision for change
- Managing doubts and concerns
- Addressing stakeholder concerns
What is the main focus of the changing stage in Lewin’s model?
Resolving uncertainty and looking for new ways
People need to understand how proposed changes will benefit them.
What criticalities must be addressed during the changing stage?
- Communicating often
- Preparing stakeholders
- Dispelling rumors
- Empowering action
- Involving people in the process
- Generating short-term wins
What does the refreezing stage involve?
Consolidating changes and ensuring they are embraced by the organization
Celebrating success is part of this process.
What are the criticalities in the refreezing stage?
- Anchoring changes into the culture
- Identifying enablers and barriers
- Ensuring leadership support
- Providing support and training
- Celebrating success
What factors influence the uptake of innovations in health service delivery according to Greenhalgh et al.?
- Relative advantage
- Compatibility
- Complexity
- Trialability
- Observability
- Reinvention
- Risk
- Task Issues
- Knowledge required
- Augmentation/Support
What is meant by ‘relative advantage’ in the context of innovation uptake?
Innovations with a clear, unambiguous advantage in effectiveness or cost-effectiveness are more easily adopted.
What is ‘compatibility’ in relation to innovation adoption?
Innovations that align with the intended adopters’ values, norms, and perceived needs are more readily adopted.
What role do champions play in the adoption of innovations?
Adoption by individuals is more likely if key players in their social networks support the innovation.
What is the significance of ‘absorptive capacity for new knowledge’ in organizations?
Organizations that can identify, capture, and utilize new knowledge are better able to assimilate innovations.
What are some common human reactions to conflict in change projects?
- Avoidance
- Victim behaviors
- Aggression
- Competition
- Cooperation/peace-building
What is a key approach to conflict resolution?
Ensuring that good relationships are the priority
This requires calmness, courtesy, and efforts to build mutual respect.
How does transformation differ from change?
Transformation is about creating something fundamentally new, while change often involves improving existing structures.
Fill in the blank: The future desired result in transformation is very _______.
different and new.
True or False: Change management models are often used as prescriptive processes.
False
They are typically used as guiding frameworks.
What is one of the dangers mentioned regarding managing change?
The enmity of those who benefit from the status quo.
What is the future result of incremental change?
A reconditioned or improved version of the past
Incremental change is often referred to as ‘business as usual’.
What does transformation aim to achieve?
A future that is very different and new
Transformation fundamentally changes services and systems.
How does incremental change affect services?
Makes services better, cheaper, faster, more efficient
Incremental change focuses on improving existing processes.
What is a key characteristic of transformation?
Makes services fundamentally different
Transformation alters the fundamental nature of services.
What is the scale of incremental change compared to transformation?
Can be small and incremental or large and complex
Incremental change does not always have to be significant.
What is the typical size of transformation initiatives?
Almost always large and significant
Transformation involves substantial shifts in operations.
What does change involve in terms of implementation?
Implementing finite, well-defined shifts
Changes may or may not affect the entire organization.
What does transformation require for implementation?
Reinventing the organisation and its business model
Transformation is based on a vision for the future.
Where can incremental change originate from?
Any part of the organisation
Incremental change can be initiated by various levels within the organization.
Where should transformation initiatives originate?
At the highest level of the organisation
Transformation is strategic and requires top-level support.
What is the nature of transformation compared to change?
Bigger, longer-term, and more complex
Transformation involves a broader scope and impact.
What is unique about digital transformation?
Leads to new phases of continuous change in organisations
Digital technologies create ongoing change beyond traditional perspectives.
