A.2 Health Determinants Flashcards
Explain the basic determinants of health
What are the key determinants of individual and population health according to AIHW?
Broad features of society, socioeconomic characteristics, health behaviours, biomedical factors
These interact with individual physical and psychological makeup.
What are the social determinants of health highlighted by the World Health Organisation?
Employment conditions, social exclusion, gender equity, early child development, globalisation, urbanisation
These factors significantly impact health outcomes.
What is the purpose of Australia’s National Health Performance Framework?
To report on and monitor the health of Australians and the performance of the health care system
It organizes indicators that can be analyzed by population groups.
What percentage of the burden of illness and injury could be prevented by removing exposure to risk factors?
38%
This was concluded from a national study by AIHW.
Define the term ‘social gradient in health’.
A phenomenon where individuals less advantaged socioeconomically have worse health and shorter lives than more advantaged individuals
This is observed globally across various income levels.
What are some risk factors for poorer health in the lowest socioeconomic group compared to the highest?
- 2.7 times more likely to smoke daily
- 1.4 times more likely to be inactive
- 1.6 times more likely to be obese
Data reflects 2016 and 2014-15 statistics.
How is socioeconomic status (SES) typically measured?
Through a combination of indicators such as income, education, and employment status
SES is not measured directly but inferred from various indicators.
What does the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) measure?
Socioeconomic conditions of Australian geographic areas based on factors like low income and educational attainment
It highlights differences between areas but not within them.
What does ARIA+ measure?
Geographical remoteness based on road distance to service centres
Values range from 0 (high accessibility) to 15 (high remoteness).
What was the total years of healthy life lost by Australians in 2015?
4.8 million years
This loss was attributed to both non-fatal illness and premature death.
Fill in the blank: The burden of disease for diabetes was _______ times higher in the lowest socioeconomic group compared to the highest.
2.3
This statistic is from 2011 data.
True or False: The National Health Performance Framework is only used in Australia.
False
Alternate frameworks exist in other countries, such as Canada.
What is the impact of closing the gap between the least and most socially disadvantaged groups in Australia according to Brown et al. (2012)?
Alleviate 0.5 million from chronic illness, save $2.3 billion in hospital costs, and generate $8 billion in extra earnings
This reflects potential economic benefits.
What are the individual characteristics considered in the determinants of health?
- Gender
- Genetics
- Personal behaviours
- Coping skills
These factors play a role in health outcomes.
What was the mortality rate from all causes for people in the lowest socioeconomic group compared to the highest in Australia in 2015?
50% higher
This statistic shows the significant health disparities based on socioeconomic status.
What are the components of the National Health Performance Framework?
- Determinants of health
- Health system effectiveness
- Safety
- Appropriateness
- Continuity of care
- Accessibility
- Efficiency and sustainability
- Health status
- Health conditions
- Wellbeing
- Deaths
- Health system context
These components help in analyzing health performance.
What is the main conclusion from the AIHW’s national study on the burden of illness and injury?
38% of the burden could have been prevented by removing risk factors
This emphasizes the importance of addressing lifestyle-related health risks.
What does ARIA+ measure?
Remoteness based on population size categories
ARIA+ articulates five categories of remoteness, aiding in various applications like service planning.
What is the Modified Monash Model (MMM)?
A classification system categorizing Australian locations into seven groups based on ABS data
It was adopted by the Australian Government Department of Health from 2020.
List the seven groupings of the Modified Monash Model (MMM).
- MM 1: Metropolitan
- MM 2: Regional centres
- MM 3: Large rural towns
- MM 4: Medium rural towns
- MM 5: Small rural towns
- MM 6: Remote communities
- MM 7: Very remote communities
Why is Indigenous status important in health informatics?
The health and wellbeing of Indigenous populations are significantly worse than non-Indigenous Australians
This includes disparities in life expectancy, birth weight, and child mortality.
What is the life expectancy gap between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and non-Indigenous people?
8-9 years lower
This data is based on 2015-2017 statistics.
How much more likely are Aboriginal babies to be born with low birthweight compared to non-Indigenous babies?
1.9 times as likely
This statistic is based on data from 2015-2017.
What are the main contributors to the health gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians?
- Social determinants (34%)
- Health risk factors (19%)
- Other factors (47%)
- Overlap between social determinants and health risk factors (11%)
What progress has been made in Indigenous child mortality rates from 1998 to 2016?
Declined from 217 deaths per 100,000 children to 146 deaths per 100,000
This highlights improvements in health outcomes over time.
What is the Standard Indigenous Question (SIQ)?
A question used to measure Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status through self-identification
It is expressed as: ‘Is the person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin?’
What are some biomedical risk factors highlighted in the document?
- High blood pressure
- Blood cholesterol
- Impaired glucose regulation
- Overweight and obesity
- Age and sex
- Family history of heart disease
- Presence of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene
- HIV status
What percentage of Australian adults did not meet physical activity guidelines in 2017-18?
55%
This indicates a significant portion of the population is not engaging in adequate physical activity.
What is the OECD’s definition of well-being?
Multidimensional, covering aspects like civic engagement, housing, household income, work-life balance, skills, and health status
This highlights the broad nature of well-being beyond just health.
How do Australians generally self-assess their health status?
Using a scale of excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor
In 2017-18, 56.4% rated their health as excellent or very good.
What is the significance of the AIHW’s conceptual model of health?
It shows that health and well-being outcomes are functions of various determinants influenced by service delivery and contextual factors
This model integrates health and social care perspectives.
What challenges exist in measuring well-being?
Well-being dimensions reflect availability of data rather than its relevance, and creating composite indexes can be problematic
Individual weightings for factors vary significantly.
