Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology Alevel > Ethnicity & Crime - 4.5 > Flashcards

Ethnicity & Crime - 4.5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 Main Stats - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> OS
VS
SRS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

OS - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> BAME overrep in CJS, despite being lowest % of pop

> B 7x + likely to be stopped & searched, 5x + likely to be in prison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Victim Surveys - Ethnicity & Criminalisation

A

> Crime often intra-ethnic

> Ask ppl to identify ethnicity of person who done crime vs them

> e.g. for mugging, B + likely to be identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Criticisms of Victim Surveys

A

> Over identify B & only look @ personal crimes

> Exclude U16s - EM contain + proportion of young ppl

> No focus on WCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ethnicity & Criminalisation - Stats (KS)

A

> Graham & Bowling (SRS)

> Sharp & Budd (SRS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SRS - Graham & Bowling

A

> B&W had = rates of offending, asians had - rates

> Goes vs stereotype of B + likely > W to offend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sharp & Budd (SRS)

A

> Those from mixed ethnic origins + likely to self-report crimes

> e.g. more M of MEO claimed to use drugs vs less B&W

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conclusion on Stats for Ethnic Differences in Crime

A

Inconsistent, OS & VS shows + rates of offending by B, but SRS don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of Racism in CJS (KS)

A

> Phillips and Browning (Policing)

> Holdaway - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

> Bowling - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

> Bowling & Phillips (Prosecution)

> Hood (Sentencing)

> Hudson & Bramall (Pre-Sentence Reports)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Examples of Racism in CJS

A 
> Policing
> Stop & Search
> Arrests & Cautions
> Prosecution 
> Trial
> Sentencing & Prison

PSAP TS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phillips and Browning - Policing

A

> EM are “over-policed & under protected & oppressed

> e.g. mass stop & search, surveillance etc.

> Fail 2 respond to racist violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Criticisms of Phillips & Bowling

A

Targeting due 2 MP e.g. black muggers in 70’s based on actual criminality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stop & Search - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> B + likely 2 be S&S > W, only need reasonable suspicion.

> But only few stops result in arrests, also + A due to Terrorism Act (2000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Ethnic Diff in Offending
Police Racism
Demographic Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Holdaway - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

A

PO, not racist themselves but when together can reinforce stereotypes then acted on duty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bowling - Canteen Culture (Police Racism)

A

> Among rank & file members, active racism in ppl making racist jokes

> Conducting police practices in racist way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Macpherson Report - (Police Racism)

A

IR in police force in their handling of murder of Stephen Lawerence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Criticisms of Macpherson Report

A

> Recommendations implemented e.g. Racial Equality Scheme

> Recruiting + PO from EM - but crime rate 4 EM not -?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ethnic Diff in Offending - Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Patterns due to fact some EM groups + likely to offend

> So police acting on relevant info about an offence e.g. LD stops & HD stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Low Discretion Stops

A

PO act on intelligence e.g. description of offender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High Discretion Stops

A

PO act w/out intelligence so can use stereotypes, so discrimination + likely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Demographic Factors - Explanations for Patterns in Stop & Search

A

> Young, unemployed, manual workers + likely to be stopped regardless of ethnicity

> Groups + prevalent among EM, so stopped more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Arrests & Cautions - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> EM - likely > W 2 get caution, as EM + likely > W to deny offence

> & use right 4 legal advice - can’t get cautioned + likely 2 be charged instead

24
Q

Bowling & Phillips - Prosecution

A

> CPS + likely to drop cases vs EM > W

> Evidence given is often weaker & based on stereotypes of EM as criminals

25
Q

Trial - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> EM + likely to use trial in CC > in magistrates due to mistrust of their impartiality

> But CC can give harsher sentences

26
Q

Convictions - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> EM - likely to be found guilty, due to police/CPS discrimination

> Bring weaker cases vs EM, so thrown out by courts

27
Q

Sentencing - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> B + likely 2 go jail & not get community service

> Due 2 diff in severity/prior convictions.

28
Q

Hood - Sentencing

A

> Even if seriousness of offence & prior convictions are considered

> B M 5% + likely to get jail sentences longer > W M

29
Q

Hudson & Bramall - Pre-Sentence Reports

A

> Harsher sentences due 2 PSR written by probation officers, allows 4 discrimination

> Reports on A - comprehensive & - remorseful > W

> Bias due 2 demonising of muslims, due 2 9/11

30
Q

Prison - Examples of Racism in CJS

A

> B 5x + likely 2 be in prison

> EM - likely to be granted bail

31
Q

Explanations for Statistical Differences in Offending (KS)

A

> Lea & Young (LR & Response to RD)

> Gilroy (NM, Myth of Black Criminality & EM crime as Political Resistance)

> Merton (Strain Theory)

> Hall et al (Policing the Crisis)

> Fitzgerald (Neighbourhood Factors)

> Waddington et al (Locality Theory)

> Sharp & Budd (Getting Caught)

> Sewell (3x Quandary)

32
Q

LR - Explanations for Statistical Differences in Offending

A

> Due 2 alienation & marginalisation, due 2 unemployment = powerlessness

> & media emphasis on consumerism = RD

> Diff vs B&A S&S figures, implies police selective in racism - unlikely as racists unselective

> So due 2 real diff in rd, marginalisation etc

33
Q

Criticisms of Left Realism

A

> A rates - due to police stereotypes of B’S as aggressive & A passive

> S&S 4 A + est 9/11

34
Q

NM view on OS

A

Don’t reflect reality, SC, stereotypes EM’s + criminal

35
Q

Gilroy - Myth of Black Criminality - NM

A

> B not + criminal > other groups, but CJS act on racist stereotypes

> so + likely to be criminalised

36
Q

Gilroy - EM crime as Political Resistance

A

> Criminality form of resistance v imperialism of past e.g. riots & demonstrations

> Use = means when facing racism 2 defend themselves

> But political struggle criminalised by state.

37
Q

Lea & Young - Criticisms of Gilroy

A

> 1st gen immigrants law-abiding, colonial struggle not inherited + crime intra-ethnic

> Romanticises crime as revolutionary

> Selective racism?

38
Q

Hall et al - Policing the Crisis (Capitalism causing crime & distraction)

A

> Eco recession in 70s + unemployment = civil unrest e.g. mass strikes

> Capitalism seemed 2 be failing gov needed scapegoat to divert attention

> Recession = + eco marginalization of B youth = + in robbery

39
Q

Hall et al - Policing the Crisis (Role of Media)

A

> = MP on robbery by media, done by B youth

> e.g. + policing = + arrests diverts attention capitalism initially = crime

40
Q

Downes & Rock - Criticisms of Hall

A

> Contradictory says B crime exaggerated, but also set to + due 2 unemployment

> If CR + it’s not MP but real event

41
Q

General Criticisms of Hall

A

> Association w/ criminality & B youth continued est eco crisis of 70’s

> So unclear this is ultimate cause of MP

42
Q

Fitzgerald - Neighbourhood Factors

A

> Robbery + in WC areas & when deprived youth encounter UC

> Young B also live in WC areas, but W = likely 2 do crime

> Ethnicities not cause

43
Q

Waddington et al - Locality Theory

A

> Some areas + densely populated w/ EM explaining S&S stats

> Also live in areas of transition, W/+ CR due to lack of SS

44
Q

Merton (Strain Theory) (Exp for Statistical Diff in Offending)

A

>

  • likely to fail @ skl etc, so innovate to achieve AD
45
Q

Criticisms of Waddington et al

A

> True for 1st gen immigrants but many EM move out of areas of transition after 1/2 gens & assimilate into majority culture.

46
Q

Sharp & Budd - Getting Caught

A

> B + likely 2 be arrested, as they’d crimes w/ identifications possible e.g. robbery

> & + likely 2 be excluded from skl & associate w/criminals + visibility 2 police

47
Q

Triple Quandary - Sewell

A

> Young B boys in LPF, no M role model, so join gangs

> Neg exp of W culture e.g. skl & policing

> Media instils desire 4 designer & hyper-masculinity w/ violence/sex

48
Q

Criticisms of Sewell

A

>

  • of positive black role models

> No link vs LPF & criminality

49
Q

Racist Victimisation w/ example

A

> Individual selected as target, due to race, ethnicity or reg

> e.g. racist murder of Stephen Lawerence & Macpherson Report

50
Q

Aspects covered by CSEW & Police Stats

A

> Racist Incidents

> Racially or Reg aggravated offences

51
Q

Racist Incidents

A

Incident perceived as racist by V

52
Q

Racially or Reg aggravated offences

A

e.g. by someone motivated by hostility vs race/reg

53
Q

Extent & Risk of Victimisation

A

> 54K racists incidents in 2015, but lot iunderreported

> BCS esti actually 89K only - NO prosecuted

> EM @ + risk being V’s of crime

54
Q

Reasons for Diff in Stats for Victimisation

A

> EM + likely 2 be young, M & unemployed

> If + of these ppl are in EM = + chance of victimisation

55
Q

Responses to Victimisation

A

> e.g. fireproof doors, letterboxes, SD campaigns etc

> Due 2 police underprotection e.g. Lawerence

56
Q

LR & Response to RD (Exp for Statistical Diff in Offending)

A

> Unable 2 reach material goods legit = util crime

> No org to rep interests = frustration & non-util crime e.g. violence & riots

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions