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Sociology Alevel > 4.7 - Green Crime, Globalisation & State Crime > Flashcards

4.7 - Green Crime, Globalisation & State Crime Flashcards

1
Q

Crime & Globalisation (KS)

A

> Held (Global Criminal Economy)
Castells (GCE, Supply & Demand, GRC)
Beck (GRC)

> Taylor (Marxism, Globalisation & Crime)
LR (Globalisation & Crime)

> Friedrichs (COG)
Cain (COG)

> Hobbs & Dunnigham (Globalisation & Patterns of Criminal Organisation)
Hobbs & Dunnigham (Glocal Organisations)

> Glenny (McMafia & Globalisation of McMafia)

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2
Q

Held (Global Criminal Economy)

A

> GCE due to + interconnectedness across nations e.g. new ict, global mass media, cheap air travel etc

> Now + transnational org crimes

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3
Q

Castells (GCE)

A

> Now GCE worth > 1 tril per yr w/+ forms e.g. trafficking illegal prostitutes, sex tourism, terrorism

> Drugs industry worth 400B, money laundering profits 4 org crime worth 1.5T

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4
Q

Castells (Supply & Demand)

A

> West + demand 4 products/services & developing world, feeds demand

> e.g. drugs made in LA as WC find drug cultivation profitable

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5
Q

Beck (Global Risk Consciousness (GRC)

A

> Ppl + aware of globalisation risks, eco migrants/asylum seekers flee prosecution

> = west anxieties 2 opening borders, media creates MP

> = hate crimes vs EM = tighten of UK borders

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6
Q

Taylor (Marxism, Globalisation & Crime)

A

> = crime from WC due 2 lack of legit employment

> As of TNC’s switching productions 2 low wage nations - little thought 2 H&S of workers

> Just as it saves £ - workers exploited on global scale

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7
Q

General Criticisms of Taylor

A

Determinsitic why don’t all do crime

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8
Q

LR (Globalisation & Crime)

A

> Materialism promoted by global media so ppl see themselves as individual consumers

> Undermining SS & = crime

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9
Q

Globalisation & Problems w/ Policing

A

> Crime’s Transnational needs co-op w/ diff enforcement agencies

> Illegalities in 1 state may not be in another & hard to decide jurisdiction

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10
Q

Friedrichs (Crimes of Globalisation) (COG)

A

> IMF & World Bank, do COG, imposing pro-capitalist structural adjustment programmes on WC nations

> Requires cuts 2 public spending = unemployment

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11
Q

Cain (COG)

A

> IMF global state & acts = widespread harm & conditions 4 state crimes

> e.g. Rwandan genocide

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12
Q

Hobbs & Dunnigham (Globalisation & Patterns of Criminal Organisation)

A

> Involves indvidual acting as hub, where loose-knit network forms

> Links ill/legal & opportunities.

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13
Q

Hobbs & Dunnigham (Glocal Organisations)

A

> Crime locally based but w/global connections e.g. drug smuggling (global)

> but dependent on locality e.g. place to sell

> Diff from rigid mafia-style crim org of past much + fluid, faster

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14
Q

General Criticisms of Hobbs & Dunningham

A

> Unclear if old structures disappear or not- may always co-exist.

> Ungeneralisable 2 all crime

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15
Q

McMafia

A

Org’s emerging in Russia & East EU after fall of communism

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16
Q

Glenny (McMafia)

A

> New Rus Gov deregulated economy, £ of food + gas/oil kept @ = price (low compared w/ ROW)

> UC oligarchs brought it cheaply & sold 4 + on world market

> 4 protection of wealth & hired ‘mafias’ e.g. ex KGB & convicts purely eco org based on self-interest

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17
Q

Glenny (Globalisation of McMafia)

A

> Infamous due 2 professionalism/efficiency, so brand selves as Chechen Mafia

> = franchisement around wrld as protection rackets, create global links w/ alt crim orgs

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18
Q

Globalisation of Green Crime

A

> Global effects e.g. nuclear accident in 1 country

> Spreads radioactive material, 1000’s of miles

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19
Q

Green Crimes (KS)

A

> Beck (Global Risk Society)

> TC (View on GC)
GC (View on GC)
Marxism (View on GC)

> South (Primary/Secondary GC)

> Wolf (V’s of GC & Toxic Waste Dumping & Perpetrators of GC)

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20
Q

Beck (Global Risk Society)

A

> Natural threats of past - harmful > man-made

> due 2 tech created manufactured risks, dangers not faced b4

> Threatens all w/out solutions e.g. 2 global warming, = GRS all shares = risks

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21
Q

Views on Green Crime

A

> Traditional Criminology

> Green Criminology

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22
Q

Traditional Criminology (TC)

A

> Unauthorized act/omission violating laws of state

> Don’t see global warming/acid rain as crime don’t break any laws of state

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23
Q

Criticisms of Traditional Criminology

A

> Accepts official def of environmental crime shaped by big corporations to serve own interests

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24
Q

Green Criminology (GC)

A

> Any harm 2 environment even w/out breaking of law wider > TC

> Legal def’s not universal vary globally

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25
Q

Marxism & GC

A

> UC shape law in own interests what’s environmental harm

> So not criminalised + difficult 2 punish can easily pay off

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26
Q

Two Views of Harm

A

> Anthropocentric

> Ecocentric

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27
Q

Anthropocentric

A

UC View e.g. right 2 exploit environment & species 4 own benefit

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28
Q

Ecocentric

A

> Us & nature interdependent, natural harm hurts us 2

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29
Q

South (Types of GC)

A

> Primary

> Secondary

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30
Q

South (Primary GC)

A

> Result directly from destruction of earth e.g. deforestation, water pollution

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31
Q

South (Secondary GC)

A

> Due 2 breaking rules could stop environmental disasters

> e.g. illegal waste dumping, state violence vs opp groups

32
Q

Wolf (V’s of GC & Toxic Waste Dumping)

A

> Legal disposing TW £££ businesses use eco-mafia’s profiting from illegal dumping

> Globalised e.g. western business ship waste to 3rd wrld w/ - £/safety standards

> 3rd wrld no laws outlawing it, so WC & EM + likely 2 be V’s

33
Q

Wolf (3 Perpetrators of GC)

A

> Individuals
Businesses
Military

34
Q

Individuals (3 Perpetrators of GC)

A

> Cum impact acts no immediate impact but add up e.g. littering

35
Q

Businesses (3 Perpetrators of GC)

A

> CC responsible 4 water, air, land pollution due 2 waste dumping & H&S breaches.

36
Q

Military (3 Perpetrators of GC)

A

> Biggest institutional polluter unexploded bombs/long-lasting effects of toxic chemicals.

37
Q

General Criticisms of GC

A

> Subjective which acts wrong, too broad almost meaningless

38
Q

State Crime (SC)

A

> ‘Illegal acts involving state done by gov 2 further polices e.g. state. war crime

> Conceal & not punished as they define criminality

> National sovereignty so UN can’t apply int’l conventions e.g. genocide

39
Q

Genocide (SC)

A

> Deliberate, systematic violence vs ethnicity/reg e.g. Jews in concentration camps WW2

40
Q

Types of State CC

A

> Initiated

> Facilitated

41
Q

State Initiated CC

A

> Initiate/approve CC e.g. Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster

> Cost-cutting by NASA = explosion killing astronauts after blast off

42
Q

State-Facilitated CC

A

> Failiure 2 control CC behaviour = crime easier e.g. Deepwater Horizon Disaster

> Rig leased by BP exploded/sank killing workers = large oil spill

> Gov didn’t oversee industry properly or notice cost-cutting decisions.

43
Q

Types of War Crime

A

> Illegal Wars

> During War/Aftermath

44
Q

State Crime (KS)

A

> Kramer & Michalowski (Illegal Wars & During War /Aftermath)

> Chambliss (Domestic Law)
Michalowski & Hillyard (Zemiology)
Mullins (Int’l Law)
Schwendinger (HR & SC)

> Adorno (Authoritarian Personality)
> Baumann (Features of Modernity = SC)
> Green & Ward (COO)
> Hamilton (3 Features = COO)
> Cohen (Cultural of Denial, TON & HR Violations)
45
Q

Kramer & Michalowski (Illegal Wars)

A

> Knowingly falsely claim it’s SD e.g. US/UK & claim, Iraq w/weapons of mass destruction 2 justify invasion

46
Q

Kramer & Michalowski (During War/Aftermath)

A

> Torturing prisoners e.g. military inquiry into prison w/ multiple cases

> 9 convicted, but no commanding officers/priv companies prosecuted

47
Q

Def of SC

A 
> Domestic Law
> Zemiology
> Labelling
> Int'l Law
> HR
48
Q

Chambliss (Domestic Law) (Def of SC)

A

> Acts defined criminal done by state officials in pursuit of jobs as reps of state

49
Q

Criticisms of Chambliss & Domestic Law

A

> Use state’s own domestic law 2 define SC inadequate

> As make laws, avoid criminalising own acts e.g. Nazi Germany allowing sterilisation of disabled

50
Q

Michalowski & Hillyard (Zemiology) (Def of SC)

A

> incl. illegal acts/legal acts w/ consequences = to illegal acts in harm caused

> e.g. state facilitated poverty, stops state allowing misbehaviour

51
Q

Criticisms of Zemiology

A

> Vague, what lvl of harm = crime replaces state arbitrary def w/ sociologist arbitrary def

52
Q

Mullins (Int’l Law) (IL) (Def of SC)

A

> By state/on states behalf violates IL or own law

> e.g. globally agreed def/ intentionally made 2 deal w/SC

53
Q

Criticisms of Int’l Law

A

> Only looks @ war crimes > crimes e.g. corruption

54
Q

Labelling (Def of SC)

A

> If acts crime depends if audience 4 sees it as so

> SC is SC stops sociologists imposing own def of state crime

55
Q

Criticisms of Labelling

A

> Audiences’ defs manipulated by UC ideology, see war as legit

> e.g. Murdoch twisting news outlets 2 favour Iraq War.

56
Q

2 Elements to HR

A

> Natural Rights: life/free speech

> Civil Rights: vote, fair trial & education

57
Q

Schwendinger (HR & SC)

A

> See crime violating basic HR not breaking legal rules

> States promote racism/sexism deny ppl basic HR so do crime. State def of crime inevitably political

> If sociologist see crimes is what states feel - risk of
subservience 2 state interests

58
Q

Cohen (Criticisms of Schwendinger)

A

> Gross violations of HR e.g. torture are clear crimes but acts

> e.g. eco exploitation not definitively criminal, even if morally bad

59
Q

Adorno (Authoritarian Personality) (AP)

A

> Willingness 2 obey orders of superiors w/no Q in WW2

> Many germans w/ AP due 2 common disciplinarian socialisation @ time

> Saw ppl doing torture/genocide as psychopaths, but little psychological diff v them/neurotypical ppl

60
Q

Crimes of Obedience (COO)

A

> Due 2 obedience 2 higher authority e.g. state

> Many obey authority even if harms others, due to role socialised into

61
Q

Green & Ward (COO)

A

> For torturers to overcome norms vs cruelty - exposed to propaganda on enemy

> States uses ‘enclaves of barbarism’ w/ torture practised

> e.g. military bases, segregated from society so torturers see it as ‘9-5’

62
Q

Hamilton (3 Features = COO)

A

> Authorisation
Routinisation
De-Humanisation

63
Q

Authorisation

3 Features = COO

A

> Acts ordered by authority e e.g. Milgram Experiment

> Normal morals overruled due 2 need 2 obey

64
Q

Routinisation

3 Features = COO

A

> Pressured by hierarchy/gov turn acts into routine, allows repetition in detached manner

> e.g. Waterboarding in Guantanamo Bay, by = soldiers, so desensitised

65
Q

Dehumanisation

3 Features = COO

A

> Enemy made 2 look as non-human asp e.g. refused clothing, shaven head

> Remove human elements, so easier 2 torture/murder

66
Q

Baumann (Features of Modernity = SC)

A

> DOL
Bureaucratisation
Instrumental Rationality
Sci & Tech

67
Q

DOL

Features of Modernity = SC

A

Only do 1 task noone feels fully responsible

68
Q

Bureaucratisation

Features of Modernity = SC

A

Normalisation of act through repetition & routine.

69
Q

Instrumental Rationality

Features of Modernity = SC

A

Rational & efficient methods to achieve goal regardless of goal itself.

70
Q

Sci & Tech & Holocaust

Features of Modernity = SC

A

> e.g. railways transporting V’s 2 death camps & industrially produced gas 2 kill them

71
Q

General Criticisms of Baumann & DOL

A

> Genocides don’t all have organised DOL & distance from killing

> e.g. Rwandan genocide done directly by big marauding groups.

72
Q

General Criticisms of Baumann

A

> Ignores IF e.g. Nazi’s stressed single racial identity excluded EM’s

> e.g. Jews/gypsies seen as sub-human.

> Racist ideology gave motivation = willing participants

73
Q

Cohen (Cultural of Denial)

A
  1. Deny e.g. state claims no massacre, but media shows it
  2. If did happen was something else e.g. SD, not murder
  3. Even if not justify it e.g. fight war on terror
74
Q

Cohen (TON & HR Violations)

A 
> Denial of V 
> Denial of Injury 
> Denial of Responsibility 
> Condemn Condemners 
> Appeal 2 Higher Loyalty
75
Q

Cohen (TON & HR Violations)

Denial of V, Injury, Responsibility

A

> Terrorists so deserve it (V)

> We’re real V not them e.g. SD (I)

> Following orders (R)

76
Q

Cohen (TON & HR Violations)

Condemn Condemners & Appeal 2 Higher Loyalty

A

> Everyone picking on us (CC)

> Greater cause & sacrifice inevitable e.g. protecting reg (A2HL)

77
Q

Implications of Cohen TON

A

> TON don’t deny event, but impose diff view of event,

> e.g. US publicly justified interrogation process incl. water-boarding

> Claims only caused stress w/out serious damage, normalises torture

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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