Crime & Media - 4.6 Flashcards
Media Rep of Crime (KS)
> Wilson & Dickinson (Media Rep)
> Cohen & Young (Social Construction of News & News Values)
> Mandel (Fictional Rep)
> Surette ( (FR) & Law of Opposites, & 3 Recent Trends)
> Osbourne (Crime as PM Spectacle)
Examples of Media Distortion of Crime
> Overreps Violent/Sexual Crime
> Criminals & V’s portrayed as older & + MC > reality
> Exaggerate police success & risk of victimisation
> Reported as separate events & overplays extraordinary crime
Overreps Violent/Sexual Crime (Examples of Media Distortion of Crime)
> Lots of reports but only 3% of crime
Criminals/V’s portrayed as older & + MC > reality
Examples of Media Distortion of Crime
> e.g. Felson - Age Fallacy
Exaggerate police success & risk of victimisation
Examples of Media Distortion of Crime
> PO big source of info, so present rep as good - so keep getting info
> Exaggerate victimisation of F, W, MC - actually - likely to be V’s
Reported as separate events & overplays extraordinary crime
Examples of Media Distortion of Crime
> Unlinked & no discussion on underlying causes
> e.g. Felson Dramatic Fallacy focus only dramatic crimes to + engagement
Media SC of News/News Values (Cohen & Young)
> Distorted pic of crime, not discovered but manufactured
> Not just out their to be collected, process of selection of occurs, due 2 need 2 meet criteria
> 2 be newsworthy enough e.g. + attention 4 crime as it shows unusual behaviour
Examples of News Values
> Risk: V stories on vulnerability/fear
Violence: Visual & spectucular acts
> Celebrities > Unexpectedness > Personalisation: Human interests stories about individuals > Immediacy: Breaking News > Dramatisation: Action & Excitement > Simplification: Clear stories
RV CUPIDS
Mandel (Fictional Representations)
> From 1945-85, 10 bil crime thrillers sold & 20% of films are crime-related
> Influence understanding of crime.
Surette (Fictional Representation (FR) & Law of Opposites)
> FR opp of OS but = as news coverage e.g. property crimes underep & violence/sex crime overep
> FR sex crimes done by psychopathic stranger, not acquaintances
> FR of cops always get but + crimes unsolved
Surette - Fictional Representation (FR) & Law of Opposites (3 Recent Trends)
> ‘Reality’ now feature young, non W offenders w/ + view of police as corrupt/brutal
> V’s + central, w/ law enforcers seen as avenger & audiences invited to identify w/ suffering
Osbourne (Crime as Postmodern Spectacle)
> Media reporting of crime due 2 need for spectacle.
> Engaging as we’re repelled by activities & fascinated @ = time.
Media as a Cause of Crime (KS)
> Tumber (Fear of Crime)
Greer & Reiner (Fear of Crime)
> Lea & Young (Media, RD & Crime)
> Hayward & Young (Cultural Criminology & Media-Scape)
Fenwick & Hayward (Cultural Criminology, Media & Commodification)
Media as Cause of Crime
> -ve effect on young & WC, rap lyrics, horror films & games
> e.g. GTA criticised for encouraging violence & criminality
> But research says exposure to media violence, w/ - effect
Ways Media Causes Crime
> Imitation > Arousal > Desensitisation > Transmitting Knowledge > + Desires for unobtainable goods > Glamourisation of Offending
Imitation
Copycat behaviour e.g. deviant role models
Arousal
Viewing violent /sexual imagery.
Desensitisation
Repeated violent/sexual imagery - normal
Transmitting Knowledge
Of criminal techniques
+ Desires for unobtainable
e.g. advertising = innovation/LR & RD
Livingstone (Criticisms of Media as Cause of Crime)
> Societies still obsessed by desire for childhood to be GA of innocence
Media & Fear of Crime
> Exaggerate violence & risks of 4 young W/OAP = unrealistic fear
Tumber (Fear of Crime)
>
- media use = + fear of crime
> e.g. tabloid & TV users w/ + fear of being V of mugging/attack
Criticisms of Tumber
> e.g. already scared of going out @ night, so + media as result
Greer & Reiner (Fear of Crime)
> Ppl give diff meanings to media violence e.g. in cartoons, horror flims & news
> Need 2 look @ meanings of what they see & read
Lea & Young (Media, RD & Crime))
> Media + RD on WC = due 2 emphasis on consumerism
> Stimulates social exclusion - WC can’t afford goods = theft
Hayward & Young (Cultural Criminology & Media-Scape)
> Immersed in media scape w/images of crime in media-saturated society
> Blurs boundary vs image & reality e.g. gang violence staged 4 underground fight videos
Fenwick & Hayward (Cultural Criminology Media & Commodification)
> Crime images used to market to youth as e.g. romantic & exciting
> e.g. fashion e.g. Opium, Poison & Obsession & S60
> Works opp way e.g. if brands associated w/ criminality banned in pubs etc & allows identification of potential criminals
Process of MP
> ME dislike behaviour use media 2 put pressure on authorities
> = -ve label influences ppl’s reaction = MP
> Group become FD = crackdown, = SFP & amplifies issue creates DAS
Moral Panic (KS)
> Cohen (Mods & Rockers, Media Exaggerations & Implications & Wider-Context)
> Functionalism
> NM
Cohen (Moral Panic & Mods & Rockers)
> 1 weekend 2 subcultures w/ scuffles & small property damage exaggerated by media
> So looks uncontrollable & emphasize supposed diff
> Overnight a new FD created = MP
Cohen & Elements to Media Exaggeration of M&R
> Symbolisation
Exaggeration & Distortion
Prediction of + Conflict
Symbolisation (Elements to Media Exaggeration of M&R)
> Used symbolic shorthands e.g. hairstyles, clothes & music 2 spot deviants & link unconnected events
> Wider society + aware of = -ve labelling
Exaggeration & Distortion (Elements to Media Exaggeration of M&R)
> Of NO’s & seriousness & damage w/sensational headlines
> Non-events even reported as news e.g. invasions not materialising
Implications of Media Exaggerations
+ calls 4 control = + stigma as deviant - tolerance
> Media Emphasisation of diff = + adoptions of style & + clashes = SFP
> In large society don’t all exp event rely on media = portrayal as FD
Cohen (Wider Context, MP & M&R)
> MP due 2 uncertainty on boundary vs im/morality @ time of SC
> FD give focus to popular anxieties on social disorder
Functionalist view on MP
> Response 2 anomie due 2 SC dramatizes threat to society
>
- CC & reassert social control after threat 2 central values.
NM view on Moral Panics
> e.g. mugging distract attention from crisis of capitalism
> Divides WC on racial grounds & legitimate authoritarian rule.
A03 Criticisms of MP (KS)
> LR
> McRobbie & Thornton (Frequency & Context)
LR (Criticisms of MP)
> Sees societal reaction overtop, but who decides this, fear of crime is rational
McRobbie & Thornton (Frequency & Context)
> Frequency of MP + not big deal
> No deviancy > e.g. LPF harder for media to create MP (Context)
Global Cyber-Crime (KS)
> Thomas & Loader (Def of Cybercrime)
> Jewkes (New Opportunities)
> Wall (4 Categories of Cybercrime)
Thomas & Loader (Def of Cybercrime)
Illegal Computer activity w/use of global electronic networks
Jewkes (New Opportunities)
> Tech allows 4 conventional crimes e.g. fraud & new ones e.g. software piracy
Wall (4 Categories of Cybercrime)
> Cyber-Trespass
Cyber-Deception
Cyber-Porn
Cyber-Violence
Cyber-Trespass & Deception
> Hacking & spreading viruses (CT)
> Identity Theft, violation of IP rights e.g. illegal downloads (CD)
Cyber-Porn & Violence
> Now w/minors & accessible 4 kids online (CP)
> Cyberstalking, Cyberbullying (CV)
Policing Cyber Crime
> Hard due 2 complexity & limited resources of PO/globalised nature
> Alao allows + ways 2 surveil pop e.g. CCTV, fingerprints etc
