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Sociology Alevel > Changing Patterns - 2.6 > Flashcards

Changing Patterns - 2.6 Flashcards

1
Q

Divorce Trends

A
  • declined recently but + > past, as less ppl marrying & + cohabiting

> 40& of marriages end in divorce w/most from F

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2
Q

Reasons for Changes in Divorce

A

> Changes in Law

> Secularisation & - Stigma

> Rising Expectations of Marriage

> Functional Fit

> Rad Fem

> Modernity & Individualisation

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3
Q

Explanations 4 + Divorce (KS)

A

> Fletcher (Rising Expectations of Marriage)

> Goode, Dennis, Allan & Crowe (FF)

> Bernard (Radical Feminists)

> Beck & Giddens (Modernity & Individualisation)

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4
Q

Changes in the Law - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Grounds 4 divorce = vs M&F widening grounds 2 ‘irretrievable breakdown & cheaper divorce

> But already widening b4 IB

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5
Q

Secularisation & Declining Stigma - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Stigmatised by churches, societies + secular so ppl less concerned w/ reg deciding personal matters

> So + willing to use it

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6
Q

Fletcher (Rising Expectations of Marriage) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

>

  • Divorce due to it marriages based purely on love

> If fades no reason 2 stay together ppl, in past ppl had no little choice in marriage e.g. only 4 eco reasons

> Ppl had - expectations of marriage, unconcerned w/ lack of romance

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7
Q

Functionalist Optimistic (View on Divorce)

A

>

  • re-marriage = divorcees not rejecting marriage as institution.

> But rosy view & patriarchal oppression F = divorce

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8
Q

Goode, Dennis, Allan & Crowe (Functional Fit) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Divorce + as family’s + isolated from EF = + burden on couples due 2 no wider support

> Family performs fewer roles = weak bonds vs husband & wife

> & no longer eco unit + easier 2 break up

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9
Q

Bernard (Radical Feminists) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

>

  • dissatisfied w/ patriarchal marriage evidence of + acceptance of RF ideas

>

  • willing to tolerate patriarchal oppression = divorce.
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10
Q

Beck & Giddens (Modernity & Individualisation) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Unessential to stay w/ 1 person relationships + fragile/unwilling 2 to work @ then

> Now pure relationship, not 4 tradition or kids.

> Modernity means M&F have consumerist identity, based on self-interest = conflict

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11
Q

Views of Divorce (KS)

A

> New Right

> Feminists

> Postmodernists

> Interactionist

> PLP & Smart

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12
Q

New Right (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Leads 2 bad LPF

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13
Q

Postmodernist (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Shows + choice = + FD

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14
Q

Feminist (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> F can liberated from patriarchy & =

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15
Q

Interactionist (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Can’t generalise need 2 look @ all views e.g. 1 said dad leaving was best day of life & bad 4 others

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16
Q

PLP (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

Led 2 + financial issue & lack of contact w/ kids & non-resident parents

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17
Q

Smart PLP (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Now normal family adapts w/out disintegrating, not abnormal .
But just 1 in life course

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18
Q

Marriage Trends

A

> -, but remarriages + & ppl marry latter

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19
Q

Reasons for Decline in Marriage (KS) & Reasons

A

> Beck & Giddens (PM)

> F Financial Independence (SE)

> Secularisation & - Stigma

> Medical Advancement & Impact of +LE

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20
Q

Beck & Giddens (Reasons for Less Marriage)

A

>

  • marriages due to structural changes = life + uncertain.

> Now + ‘risk consciousness’ + divorce so no point

> Focus on personal desires > tradition e.g. pure relationship last as long as ppl are satisified

> So cohabitation > marriage

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21
Q

A03 Reasons 4 - Marriage (KS)

A

> Radical Feminists (F not Financially Independent)

> NR (- Stigma & Cohabitation leads to bad LPF)

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22
Q

Radical Feminists (Women not Financially Independent)

A

> GCC - pay > M

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23
Q

Secularisation & - Stigma (Reasons for Less Marriage)

A

> Churches like it, but ppl don’t care so chose not 2, so - stigma 2 cohabitation & kids in it

> Pregnancy ≠ shotgun wedding anymore

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24
Q

Medical Advancement & Impact of +LE (Reasons for Less Marriage)

A

> M&F + career focused, IVF = F having kids later

>

  • LE so no 2 get married, find perfect partner through trailing e.g. cohabitation
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25
Trends in Cohabitation
> + cohbaition = - marriage, but not clear as some see it as alt or trial marriage
26
Reasons 4 + Cohabitation
> Secularisation - Stigma 2 Pre-Martial Sex > + Eco Position of F - don’t need M > + = in cohabitation
27
Cohabitation (KS)
> Chester & Coast (Cohabitation & Marriage) > Benjin, Shelton & John (Cohabitation & Marriage) > Weeks (SSC Cohabitation) > Weston (SSC Cohabitation) > Allan & Crow (Benefits of SSC Cohabitation) > Einasdottir (Gays & Attitudes 2 Civil Partnerships)
28
Chester & Coast (Cohabitation & Marriage)
> For most it's pathway 4 marriage e.g. 75% planning 2 marry > e.g. trial marriage, most marry if have kids
29
Benjin, Shelton & John (Cohabitation & Marriage)
> Young ppl desire = relationship not patriarchal marriage. > F do - housework in them > married ppl
30
Weeks (SSC Cohabitation)
> Resemble straight cohabitations. > Create chosen families w/ friends as family =stability as heterosexuals.
31
Weston (SSC Cohabitation)
> Quasi marriage & stable partners, contrast vs 70s e.g. rejecting monogamy/family but casual relationships.
32
Allan & Crow (Benefits of SSC Cohabitation)
> Negoioate + > married couples & + flexible but - stable > heterosexuals
33
Einasdottir (Gays & Attitudes 2 Civil Partnerships)
> Many optimistic 4 legal recognition of partnership > But others fearful 4 flexibility of relationships & want relationsips to be diff from heterosexuals.
34
Trend in 1 Person Households
> + almost ½ 65+
35
Reasons 4 OPH
> + divorce 4 M under 65 as kids likely 2 stay w/ mum, but dad leaves > Later marriage + ppl single or deliberatelty live alone
36
LAT's
> Couples living separately e.g. 1/10 in them > As ppl may chose to or can't afford 2 or 2 early to cohabit > Not abnormal, ideal 4 some - don't need to live together 4 strong relationships
37
Trends in Childbearing
> Almost 1/2 kids born out marriage, mostly by cohabitees - due 2 less stigma > + F w/ kids later & or stay childless e.g. F want career >
38
LPF
> ¼ of familes due 2 + divorce & + births outside wedlock e > Mostly F + suited role, so courts give F custody > & + never married F have kids or due 2 death of parent
39
Murray (NR & LPF)
> Welfare gives perverse incentives & rewards irresponsible sexual behaviour. > = dependency culture e.g. reliant on state. > So should be removed
40
(A03 Murray & LPF)
> Cashmore & Renvoize
41
Cashmore & Renvoize (A03 Murray & LPF)
WC F - income so rely on welfare due 2 abuse. (C) WC F can provide for kids w/out M (R)
42
General Criticisms of NR view on LPF
> Childcare + expensive, stops LPF F working > Dad can’t pay maintenance e.g. 2nd family to support
43
Trends in RF
> Due to divorce/remarriage, kids mostly from F prior relationship > But + poverty - M needs 2 support kids b4 relationship > Tensions in RF due to 2 lack of social norms on how to act in it
44
RF (KS)
> Allan & Crow | > Smith
45
Allan and Crow (RF)
> Issue w/ divided loyalties & contact w/ non-resident parents = tension
46
Smith (RF)
> = 1st families in all aspects > Involvement in childcare +ve, but + risk of poverty
47
Ethnic Differences in Family Patterns (KS)
> Mirza (Black F LPF) > Reynolds (LPF) > Ballard (Development of Asian Families)
48
Common Black Family Type
> 1/2 LPF, due 2 + unemployment of Black M can't provide for family = marital breakdown
49
Mirza (Black F LPF)
> Due to black F independence, not disorganisation.
50
Reynolds (LPF)
> Stats mislead + LPF are stable supportive non-cohabiting relationships.
51
Diff v Households Patterns of South Asians & British
> SA larger households, but mostly NF > EF > Due 2 SA + NO @ childbearing age v whole pop & + value placed on EF > Mostly Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus living in EF
52
Ballard (Development of Asian Families)
> EF gave support to Asian migrating to UK in 50s & 60s. > Initially SA were EF, now NF w/relatives nearby .
53
EF (KS)
> Parsons (EF) > Charles (EF in Swansea) > Chamberlain & Wilmott (Dispersed & Caribbean EF) > Bell (Differences in EF w/ WC & MC) > Finch & Mason (Obligations to Relatives) > Cheal (Obligation to Relatives)
54
Parsons (Functionalist view on EF)
Dominant type in pre-industrial society, but’s replaced with NF.
55
Charles (EF in Swansea)
3 gen family extinct, except city’s Bengali community.
56
Chamberlain & Wilmott (Dispersed & Caribbean EF)
> - but not extinct now dispersed EF living close, w/ frequent visits & phone calls. > Wider EF make + contribution to childcare
57
Bell (Diff in EF w/ WC & MC)
> WC & MC both have emotional bonds w/ EF > But MC, was £ support w/ father & son. > WC was frequent domestic help from mum to daughters.
58
Beanpole Family
> Long & thin, vertically e.g. Grandparents, Parents, Kids. > not incl. aunts/cousins etc.
59
Demographics Changes leading to BF
> + LE, + surviving great/grandparents | > - IMR, less siblings to replace = less horizontal ties.
60
Finch & Mason (Obligations to Relatives)
> Most received or gave £ help to relatives, 1/2 cared 4 sick relatives.
61
Cheal (Obligation to Relatives)
> If OAP F needs personal care F members preferred > sons > Sons 4 providing £ > - but Mason feels not all F help dependent on history of relationship

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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