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Sociology Alevel > Changing Patterns - 2.6 > Flashcards

Changing Patterns - 2.6 Flashcards

1
Q

Divorce Trends

A
  • declined recently but + > past, as less ppl marrying & + cohabiting

> 40& of marriages end in divorce w/most from F

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2
Q

Reasons for Changes in Divorce

A

> Changes in Law

> Secularisation & - Stigma

> Rising Expectations of Marriage

> Functional Fit

> Rad Fem

> Modernity & Individualisation

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3
Q

Explanations 4 + Divorce (KS)

A

> Fletcher (Rising Expectations of Marriage)

> Goode, Dennis, Allan & Crowe (FF)

> Bernard (Radical Feminists)

> Beck & Giddens (Modernity & Individualisation)

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4
Q

Changes in the Law - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Grounds 4 divorce = vs M&F widening grounds 2 ‘irretrievable breakdown & cheaper divorce

> But already widening b4 IB

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5
Q

Secularisation & Declining Stigma - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Stigmatised by churches, societies + secular so ppl less concerned w/ reg deciding personal matters

> So + willing to use it

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6
Q

Fletcher (Rising Expectations of Marriage) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

>

  • Divorce due to it marriages based purely on love

> If fades no reason 2 stay together ppl, in past ppl had no little choice in marriage e.g. only 4 eco reasons

> Ppl had - expectations of marriage, unconcerned w/ lack of romance

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7
Q

Functionalist Optimistic (View on Divorce)

A

>

  • re-marriage = divorcees not rejecting marriage as institution.

> But rosy view & patriarchal oppression F = divorce

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8
Q

Goode, Dennis, Allan & Crowe (Functional Fit) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Divorce + as family’s + isolated from EF = + burden on couples due 2 no wider support

> Family performs fewer roles = weak bonds vs husband & wife

> & no longer eco unit + easier 2 break up

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9
Q

Bernard (Radical Feminists) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

>

  • dissatisfied w/ patriarchal marriage evidence of + acceptance of RF ideas

>

  • willing to tolerate patriarchal oppression = divorce.
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10
Q

Beck & Giddens (Modernity & Individualisation) - Explanations 4 + Divorce

A

> Unessential to stay w/ 1 person relationships + fragile/unwilling 2 to work @ then

> Now pure relationship, not 4 tradition or kids.

> Modernity means M&F have consumerist identity, based on self-interest = conflict

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11
Q

Views of Divorce (KS)

A

> New Right

> Feminists

> Postmodernists

> Interactionist

> PLP & Smart

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12
Q

New Right (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Leads 2 bad LPF

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13
Q

Postmodernist (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Shows + choice = + FD

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14
Q

Feminist (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> F can liberated from patriarchy & =

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15
Q

Interactionist (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Can’t generalise need 2 look @ all views e.g. 1 said dad leaving was best day of life & bad 4 others

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16
Q

PLP (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

Led 2 + financial issue & lack of contact w/ kids & non-resident parents

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17
Q

Smart PLP (View on High Divorce Rate)

A

> Now normal family adapts w/out disintegrating, not abnormal .
But just 1 in life course

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18
Q

Marriage Trends

A

> -, but remarriages + & ppl marry latter

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19
Q

Reasons for Decline in Marriage (KS) & Reasons

A

> Beck & Giddens (PM)

> F Financial Independence (SE)

> Secularisation & - Stigma

> Medical Advancement & Impact of +LE

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20
Q

Beck & Giddens (Reasons for Less Marriage)

A

>

  • marriages due to structural changes = life + uncertain.

> Now + ‘risk consciousness’ + divorce so no point

> Focus on personal desires > tradition e.g. pure relationship last as long as ppl are satisified

> So cohabitation > marriage

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21
Q

A03 Reasons 4 - Marriage (KS)

A

> Radical Feminists (F not Financially Independent)

> NR (- Stigma & Cohabitation leads to bad LPF)

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22
Q

Radical Feminists (Women not Financially Independent)

A

> GCC - pay > M

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23
Q

Secularisation & - Stigma (Reasons for Less Marriage)

A

> Churches like it, but ppl don’t care so chose not 2, so - stigma 2 cohabitation & kids in it

> Pregnancy ≠ shotgun wedding anymore

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24
Q

Medical Advancement & Impact of +LE (Reasons for Less Marriage)

A

> M&F + career focused, IVF = F having kids later

>

  • LE so no 2 get married, find perfect partner through trailing e.g. cohabitation
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25
Q

Trends in Cohabitation

A

>

  • cohbaition = - marriage, but not clear as some see it as alt or trial marriage
26
Q

Reasons 4 + Cohabitation

A

> Secularisation - Stigma 2 Pre-Martial Sex

>

  • Eco Position of F - don’t need M

>

  • = in cohabitation
27
Q

Cohabitation (KS)

A

> Chester & Coast (Cohabitation & Marriage)

> Benjin, Shelton & John (Cohabitation & Marriage)

> Weeks (SSC Cohabitation)
Weston (SSC Cohabitation)
Allan & Crow (Benefits of SSC Cohabitation)
Einasdottir (Gays & Attitudes 2 Civil Partnerships)

28
Q

Chester & Coast (Cohabitation & Marriage)

A

> For most it’s pathway 4 marriage e.g. 75% planning 2 marry

> e.g. trial marriage, most marry if have kids

29
Q

Benjin, Shelton & John (Cohabitation & Marriage)

A

> Young ppl desire = relationship not patriarchal marriage.

> F do - housework in them > married ppl

30
Q

Weeks (SSC Cohabitation)

A

> Resemble straight cohabitations.

> Create chosen families w/ friends as family =stability as heterosexuals.

31
Q

Weston (SSC Cohabitation)

A

> Quasi marriage & stable partners, contrast vs 70s e.g. rejecting monogamy/family but casual relationships.

32
Q

Allan & Crow (Benefits of SSC Cohabitation)

A

> Negoioate + > married couples & + flexible but - stable > heterosexuals

33
Q

Einasdottir (Gays & Attitudes 2 Civil Partnerships)

A

> Many optimistic 4 legal recognition of partnership

> But others fearful 4 flexibility of relationships & want relationsips to be diff from heterosexuals.

34
Q

Trend in 1 Person Households

A

>

  • almost ½ 65+
35
Q

Reasons 4 OPH

A

>

  • divorce 4 M under 65 as kids likely 2 stay w/ mum, but dad leaves

> Later marriage + ppl single or deliberatelty live alone

36
Q

LAT’s

A

> Couples living separately e.g. 1/10 in them

> As ppl may chose to or can’t afford 2 or 2 early to cohabit

> Not abnormal, ideal 4 some - don’t need to live together 4 strong relationships

37
Q

Trends in Childbearing

A

> Almost 1/2 kids born out marriage, mostly by cohabitees - due 2 less stigma

>

  • F w/ kids later & or stay childless e.g. F want career >
38
Q

LPF

A

> ¼ of familes due 2 + divorce & + births outside wedlock e

> Mostly F + suited role, so courts give F custody

> & + never married F have kids or due 2 death of parent

39
Q

Murray (NR & LPF)

A

> Welfare gives perverse incentives & rewards irresponsible sexual behaviour.

> = dependency culture e.g. reliant on state.

> So should be removed

40
Q

(A03 Murray & LPF)

A

> Cashmore & Renvoize

41
Q

Cashmore & Renvoize (A03 Murray & LPF)

A

WC F - income so rely on welfare due 2 abuse. (C)

WC F can provide for kids w/out M (R)

42
Q

General Criticisms of NR view on LPF

A

> Childcare + expensive, stops LPF F working

> Dad can’t pay maintenance e.g. 2nd family to support

43
Q

Trends in RF

A

> Due to divorce/remarriage, kids mostly from F prior relationship

> But + poverty - M needs 2 support kids b4 relationship

> Tensions in RF due to 2 lack of social norms on how to act in it

44
Q

RF (KS)

A

> Allan & Crow

> Smith

45
Q

Allan and Crow (RF)

A

> Issue w/ divided loyalties & contact w/ non-resident parents = tension

46
Q

Smith (RF)

A

> = 1st families in all aspects

> Involvement in childcare +ve, but + risk of poverty

47
Q

Ethnic Differences in Family Patterns (KS)

A

> Mirza (Black F LPF)
Reynolds (LPF)
Ballard (Development of Asian Families)

48
Q

Common Black Family Type

A

> 1/2 LPF, due 2 + unemployment of Black M can’t provide for family = marital breakdown

49
Q

Mirza (Black F LPF)

A

> Due to black F independence, not disorganisation.

50
Q

Reynolds (LPF)

A

> Stats mislead + LPF are stable supportive non-cohabiting relationships.

51
Q

Diff v Households Patterns of South Asians & British

A

> SA larger households, but mostly NF > EF

> Due 2 SA + NO @ childbearing age v whole pop & + value placed on EF

> Mostly Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus living in EF

52
Q

Ballard (Development of Asian Families)

A

> EF gave support to Asian migrating to UK in 50s & 60s.

> Initially SA were EF, now NF w/relatives nearby
.

53
Q

EF (KS)

A

> Parsons (EF)
Charles (EF in Swansea)
Chamberlain & Wilmott (Dispersed & Caribbean EF)
Bell (Differences in EF w/ WC & MC)

> Finch & Mason (Obligations to Relatives)
Cheal (Obligation to Relatives)

54
Q

Parsons (Functionalist view on EF)

A

Dominant type in pre-industrial society, but’s replaced with NF.

55
Q

Charles (EF in Swansea)

A

3 gen family extinct, except city’s Bengali community.

56
Q

Chamberlain & Wilmott (Dispersed & Caribbean EF)

A

>

  • but not extinct now dispersed EF living close, w/ frequent visits & phone calls.

> Wider EF make + contribution to childcare

57
Q

Bell (Diff in EF w/ WC & MC)

A

> WC & MC both have emotional bonds w/ EF

> But MC, was £ support w/ father & son.

> WC was frequent domestic help from mum to daughters.

58
Q

Beanpole Family

A

> Long & thin, vertically e.g. Grandparents, Parents, Kids.

> not incl. aunts/cousins etc.

59
Q

Demographics Changes leading to BF

A

>

  • LE, + surviving great/grandparents

> - IMR, less siblings to replace = less horizontal ties.

60
Q

Finch & Mason (Obligations to Relatives)

A

> Most received or gave £ help to relatives, 1/2 cared 4 sick relatives.

61
Q

Cheal (Obligation to Relatives)

A

> If OAP F needs personal care F members preferred > sons

> Sons 4 providing £

>

  • but Mason feels not all F help dependent on history of relationship

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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