Educational Achievement - 3.2 (Class Differences) Flashcards
What are External Influences on Educational Achievement?
> Material Deprivation
> Cultural Factors
What is Cultural Deprivation?
Being deprived of cultural values facilitating educational success.
3 Main Aspects of Cultural Deprivation
- Language
- Parents Education
- WC Subculture
What is Basic Cultural Equipment?
Incl. language, self-discipline and reasoning skills.
What did the Centre for Educational Studies find on the difference between MC and WC
Found by age of 3 kids from WC were 1yr behind those from MC.
Cultural Deprivation Theorists
Cultural Deprivation:
> Centre for Educational Studies (WC lack behind and MC)
Language:
> Feinstein & Tait (Language Diff vs Educated & Non Educated Parents)
> Bernstein (Elab vs Restricted Code)
Parents Education:
> Douglas (Lack of WC Parent Interest)
> Feinstein (Parenting Styles/Education)
Use of Income:
> Bernstein and Young (MC Mums buy Educational Resources 4 Kids)
Subcultures:
> Sugarman (Fatalism, Collectivism etc and Security of MC Jobs)
> Hyman (Self-Imposed Barriers)
What is Tait and Feinstein’s view on Language affecting Educational Achievement? (Differences between Educated and Uneducated Parents)
- Educated parents more likely to use language challenging their kids to evaluate their own understanding. Results in higher performance
- Less educated use language in ways requiring kids to make only simple statements. Results in lower performance.
- Feinstein found educated parents more likely to use praises, helps kids be more confident.
Bernstein’s view on Language affecting Educational Achievement (Difference between WC and MC)
- WC more likely to use:
Restricted Code: Limited vocab, short, unfinished, simple sentences, context-bound. (Assume listener shares same experience) - MC are more likely to use:
Elaborated Code: Wider vocab, longer, abstract ideas, context-free (Assume listener doesn’t shares same experience) - MC can switch codes, WC limited to restricted code.
- MC students at advantage as teachers, textbooks use elaborate code
Criticisms of Bernstein’s
Actually, schools who fail to teach elaborated code
What was Douglas’s view on Parental Education?
- WC parents placed less value on education, so kids were less ambitious, getting less encouragement, so took less interest
- WC Parents unikely to go and discuss child’s progress with teachers and as result WC had low achievement.
What was Feinstein view on Parental Education and Parents Education?
- Parents’ Education/Parenting Styles are very vital
- More educated they are, better position they’re in for socializing kids.
- Encouraging active learning and exploration.
- Parenting of WC involves harsh, inconsistent discipline focused on behaving yourself, so problems interacting with teachers.
What was Bernstein and Young view on Use of Income?
> MC mums more likely to buy educational, toys, books etc.
> Encourage reasoning and stimulate intellectual development
> WC parents unable to afford this (only have money for necessities) thus, WC are behind peers.
What were the 4 Values outlined in Sugarman’s view of the WC subculture in relation to Education?
- Fatalism: Belief ur status is fixed and can’t be changed
- Collectivism: Value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual, opposite for MC.
- Immediate Gratification: Want to get pleasure straight away, without making sacrifices. - MC have delayed gratification, make sacrifices now have pleasure later.
- Present Time-Orientation: Seeing present more important than future not having long-term goals.
What does Sugarman link the differences between MC values and WC values are down to?
He also links this to security of MC Jobs, having room for progression and ambition, instilling this into children.
Explain Hyman’s Theory of Self-Imposed Barriers in relation to WC Subcultures
> WC create barriers and have limited care for education
> As WC parents had negative experience in skl.
> Which is passed on to child, thus WC continue to fail in education.
A03 Criticisms of Cultural Deprivation in Achievement
> Keddie (Sugarman)
Troyna and Williams (Any Language Theorist)
Blackstone & Mortimore (Douglas)
How does Keddie criticise Sugarman’s view?
- WC different culturally, but not deprived.
- Rather than seeing WC subculture as deficient, schools should challenge teachers WC prejudices.
Explain how Troyna & Williams criticise any Language Theorist?
- Problem not WC language but skl’s attitudes towards it.
- Teachers have speech hierarchy, favouring MC speech, then WC speech than Black speech.
Explain how Blackstone and Martimore criticise Douglas
WC parents don’t miss Parents Evening voluntarily, but busy at work so don’t have time and put off by MC atmosphere.
Define Compensatory Education
> Introduced to tackle cultural deprivation giving resources to schools and communities in deprived areas.
> Come in early at socialisation process to compensate kids for deprivation faced at home
What is an example of Compensatory Education in the US?
> Operation Head Start in the US, where pre-school education was introduced to develop skills and motivations of deprived kids.
> Incl. setting up Nursery Classes and home visits by educational psychologists.
Example of TV show used for Compensatory Education as part of what program and what did this provide?
Sesame Street was set up as a part of HeadStart, providing a way to transmit skills needed for Educational Success.
What are the 3 examples of Compensatory Education in the UK?
Education Priority Areas and Education Action Zones and Sure Start.
Define Material Deprivation
Poverty + lack of material necessities which aid educational achievement.
What were DOFE findings in 2012 on FSM students?
found barely ⅓ of FSM pupils get 5+ GCSES incl. (Engl and Maths)
Flaherty
Money problems are a significant factor in younger children’s non-attendance in school.
Which type of family is exclusion and truancy common in?
poorer families
What % of failing schools are in poor areas
90%
Material Deprivation Theorists
Material Deprivation
> DOFE 2012 (Impact of FSM)
> Flaherty (Money Problems)
Diet and Health
> Howard (Effects of Poor Diet)
> Wilkinson (WC more prone to Behaviour Issues)
> Blanden and Machin (WC more likely to be in fights)
Cost of Education > Bull (Cost of Free-Schooling) > Tanner (Cost of Equipment) > Flaherty (FSM Stigmitisation) > Smith & Noble (Can’t afford Private Tution etc) > Ridge (WC Part-Time Work)
Fear of Debt
> Calender and Jackson (WC more debt-averse)
> Reay (WC limited Uni choices)
> National Audit Office (Debt)
How does Poor Housing affect Educational Achievement in relation to Overcrowding
- Overcrowding makes it harder to study, no room to do h/w, disturbed sleep from sharing bedrooms etc.
How does Poor Housing affect Educational Achievement in relation to Young Kids development
- Development of young children can be impaired, though lack of space for safe play/exploration.
How does Poor Housing affect Educational Achievement in relation to Children’s Health?
Children in crowded homes have more accidents and cold/damp housing means ill-health, thus meaning more absence from school.
How do children living in a B and B affect their education?
frequently move meaning constant changes of school and disrupted education.
Explain Howard findings on how Poor Diet affects WC achievement?
Kids from WC have poorer diets and nutrition, leads to lack of energy and concentration + higher absence rates.
Explain Wilkinson findings on how Poor Mental Health affects WC achievement?
- Kids from WC more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.
- For 10 yr olds, lower the class, higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety, conduct disorders, impacting their education.
Explain Blanden & Machin findings on how Anger problems affects WC achievement?
- Found WC kids were more likely have fights and temper issues, disrupting their schooling.
What was Bull’s view on Cost of Education, affecting Educational Achievement?
Refers to ‘cost of free schooling’, children from WC don’t have equipment missing out on experiences, bettering their achievement.
How does Emily Tanner support Bull’s findings?
- Tanner found cost of items e.g. Transport, Books, Uniforms, Computers, Calculators, and Sports Equipment put burden on WC.
- So have to use hand me downs, leading to bullying from peers.
Explain Flaherty’s findings on Stigimisation of FSM?
- Stigma for FSM prevents some from taking up entitlements.
