4.3 - Realist Theories on Crime Flashcards

1
Q

General RR view on Crime

A

Share NR views & 0 tolerance on crime, threatens SS & work ethic

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2
Q

General LR view on Crime

A

Reformists & want =

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3
Q

RR - Attiudes to Other Theories

A

Failed to solve problem of crime to sympathetic to criminal & hostile of police & courts

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4
Q

RR - Practical Solutions

A

> Control & punishment

> Not rehabilitation or fixing poverty

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5
Q

RR - View on Causes of Crime

A

> But due to biological diff, poor socialisation & underclass, RCT

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6
Q

RR view on Crime - (KS)

A

> Wilson & Hernstein (Biological Differences)

> Murray (Underclass)

> Clarke (Rational Choice Theory)

> Felson (Routine Activity Theory)

> Wilson & Kelling (0 Tolerance - Solutions to Crime)

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7
Q

Wilson & Hernstein - Biological Differences (RR)

A

> Some are innately predetermined to do crime in their DNA

> Programmed to be very aggressive & dumb - + likely to do crime

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8
Q

Lilly - Criticisms of Wilson & Herrnstein

A

Intelligence diff account for only 3% of diff in offending

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9
Q

Underclass - Murray (RR)

A

> Why LPF bad & = Crime

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10
Q

Rational Choice Theory - Clarke (RR)

A

> Have FW & choice 2 do crime, if + of doing crime > - + likely to offend

> Current costs of crime are -, so crime has +

> Need for 0 tolerance approach

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11
Q

General Criticisms of Clarke

A

> How can criminals be rational actors, but behaviour due to biology & socialisation

> Overexaggerates extent criminals make +/- calculations e.g. murder in heat of moment - Ahluwalia

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12
Q

Felson - Routine Activity Theory (RR)

A

> Crime caused by motivated offender, suitable target & absence of police & neighbour

> D’s act rationally so P&N likely to deter them

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13
Q

General Criticisms of RR

A

> Short-sighted ignores wider structural causes e.g. poverty

> Doesn’t explain violent or impulsive crimes

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14
Q

Wilson & Kelling - 0 Tolerance - Solutions to Crime (RR)

A

> Graffiti/vandalism dealt w/ immediately - areas kept orderly so crime don’t take over

> Police control streets stop drunks & beggars, ppl feel safe

>

  • of fines & prison sentences as deterrent.
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15
Q

General Criticisms of 0 Tolerance

A

> Allow police to discriminate vs EM, youth & homeless

> Ignores CC

> & leads to displacement of crime in other areas

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16
Q

Young - 0 Tolerance as Urban Myth (RR)

A

> Crime already - from 1985 so 0 correlation w/ 0 tol

> Police arrests to justify existence, artificially + NO of arrests for minor acts

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17
Q

LR similar vs Marxism

A

> unequal society root of crime

18
Q

How is LR different to Marxism?

A

> Gradual change is needed > violent overthrow of capitalism

> Marx concentrate on crime of UC, but neglect WC crime - interclass

19
Q

LR criticisms of NM

A

Romantic view of WC criminals but mostly intra-class

20
Q

LR criticisms of LT

A

See criminals as V of labelling, neglects real V’s

21
Q

2 Aspects of General LR view on Crime

A

> Main V’s are disadv groups

> Real + in crime

22
Q

Main V’s are disadv groups - General LR view on Crime

A

> e.g. WC, EM, F police don’t deal w/ crime vs them well e.g. Rape/DV

23
Q

Real + in crime (Aetiological Crisis) - General LR view on Crime

A

> Crisis of explanation e.g. LT sees + of crime as SC & illusion

>

  • is too big 4 this & real
24
Q

LR - 3 Causes of Crime

A

> Relative Deprivation
Subculture
Marginalisation

25
LR - Causes of Crime (KS)
> Lea (RD) > Lea & Young (Marginalisation) > Young (Late Modernity & Worsening of WC Crime & Changes to Crime) > Young (Lethal Combination of RD & Individualism & Subcultures)
26
Lea (Relative Deprivation) - Causes of Crime
> Feel ppl unfairly have + do crime to get what they’re entitled to > Enhanced by media/advertising > Pressure 4 material possessions = crime 4 ppl unable 2 get it.
27
Young (Lethal Combination of RD & Individualism) - Causes of Crime
> Focus on self-gain @ expense of others > = disintegration of families undermines values of support & selflessness > Weakens informal controls, = ASB & Crime
28
LR - Definition of Subculture
Groups collective solution to problem of RD
29
Young (Subcultures) - Causes of Crime
> Diff subculture have pos+ solutions to RD > Criminal subcultures still focus on materialism & consumerism > Gangs in US focused on AD & items e.g. Gucci- can’t get it legit > street crime.
30
Lea & Young (Marginalisation) - Causes of Crime
> Unlike workers, unemployed youths marginalised > No organisations to rep them & no goals, due to no political means > e.g. TU to express frustration, so use violence
31
Young - Late Modernity & Worsening of WC Crime
> Due to harsher welfare polices + unemployment & poverty > Contrast to GA of capitalism w/- divorce & CR > Now unstable family & community life, weakens informal controls
32
Young - Changes to Crime in Late Modernity
> Crime widespread not only WC + anger to footballers seen as 2 get undeserved rewards > So RD ↓ e.g. MC resentment vs WC as scroungers, so + hate crime e.g. v asylum seekers > No consensus over ❌& ✔️+ informal controls ineffective
33
LR - Solution to Crime
> Democratic Policing | > Reducing Inequality
34
LR - Solution to Crime (KS)
> Lea & Young (Democratic Policing) | > Young (Criticisms of New Labour)
35
Lea & Young (Democratic Policing) - LR Solution to Crime
> Police rely on our but losing support so use military policing swamping areas > Alienates areas see them victimising youth > 2 win support, need 2 involve ppl in deciding they use multi-agency approach e.g. skls & social services
36
LR - Reducing Inequality
> Stop discrimination, unequal opportunities, improve housing. > Be + tolerant of diversity stop seeing certain groups as criminal
37
Similarities vs LR & Gov Policy
> NL also tough on crime/causes e.g. > firmer policing on DV, ASB & new deal for unemployed youth
38
Young - Criticisms of New Labour Policies
> Nostalgic attempts to recreate conditions of GA in 50’s > Gov only focused on addressing symptoms e.g ASB > Tough on crime but not causes
39
A03 - Criticisms of LR (KS)
> Henry & Milanovich | > Interactionists
40
Henry & Milanovich - Criticisms of LR
Accepts gov’s def of crime as street crime by poor + focus need on CC
41
Interactionists - Criticisms of LR
Focused only on OS, doesn’t look @ offender’s motives
42
General Criticisms of LR
> Not all experiencing RD do crime > Focus on high crime inner city areas makes it appear greater issue