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Sociology Alevel > 4.2 - Class, Power & Crime (Marxism) > Flashcards

4.2 - Class, Power & Crime (Marxism) Flashcards

1
Q

Functionalist Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

> Due to inadequate socialisation e.g. Durkheim

> Miller - Focal Concerns

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2
Q

Strain Theorists Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

> e.g. Merton

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3
Q

Subcultural Theorists Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

> e.g. Cohen SF & C&O 3 SC

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4
Q

Labelling Theorists Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

No act is deviant, labelling makes it so, WC more likely to be labelled.

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5
Q

General Marxist View on Crime

A

> Law enforced selectively vs WC & OS flawed

> CJS serves UC interests & structure of capitalism expcrime.

> Need 4 classless society, w/ less crime

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6
Q

Criminogenic Capitalism

A

Crime inevitable very nature causes crime, based on exploiting WC for profit.

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7
Q

Criminogenic Capitalism & WC Crime

A

> Poverty so crime only way WC survive

> Only way to get consumer goods, promoted by advertising = util crimes e.g. theft

> Alienation = frustration = non-util crimes e.g. violence

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8
Q

Criminogenic Capitalism & UC Crime

A

> Win @ all costs mentality instilled = greed profit, so do CC

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9
Q

Marxism - Class & Crime (KS)

A

> Chambliss (Criminogenic Capitalism, State & Law Making)

> Gordon (Prevalence of Crime)

> Mankoff (Welfare State & Crime)

> Snider (State & Law Making)

> Reinan (Selective Enforcement)

> Pearce (Ideological Functions of Crime & Law)

> Althusser (Ideology)

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10
Q

Chambliss (Criminogenic Capitalism)

A

> Universal in all classes, due to focus on utili gains

> WC & UC used diff ways to get goods, e.g. w/ limited means so do violence & thefts

> UC + options e.g. CC

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11
Q

General Criticisms of Chambliss

A

Too deterministic, not all WC turn to crime, despite financial position

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12
Q

Gordon (Prevalence of Crime)

A

> Crime rational response to capitalism in a dog eat dog society - present in all classes

> Especially in US w/ lack of welfare, so WC need 2 do crime 4 survival

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13
Q

Mankoff (Welfare State & Crime)

A

>

  • LVLS of crime in EU > US, as basic needs e.g. healthcare & food etc met

> Feel protected by state & don’t do crime

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14
Q

Chambliss (State & Law Making)

A

> Main purpose of law to protect wealth from masses

> e.g. English law introduced in east africa, but didn’t want to work for British

> Gov made tax w/ punishment for no payment = new workforce for plantation owners, so can pay tax

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15
Q

Snider (State & Law Making)

A

> Reluctant to pass laws 2 regulate businesses e.g. profit > ppl

> Ppl in CC - likely to be prosecuted

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16
Q

Methods of UC Creation of Laws

A

> Connections w/ officials to pass laws, protecting priv property

> Big companies use pressure groups to pass laws in their interests

> Ownership of free press, make WC activities seem deviant & need control

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17
Q

Examples of Laws in favour of UC

A

> Tax laws allows companies to avoid tax, w/ registered officers in tax havens

> Non-implementation for recommendations of Grenfell, due to costs for companies

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18
Q

Reinan - Selective Enforcement

A

> WC + likely to be criminalised, but courts ignore UC crime

> e.g. Social Security Fraud by WC always prosecuted, but tax evasion of UC isn’t

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19
Q

Knife Crime & Selective Enforcement

A

> 47K knife crimes in UK vs 69K workplace accidents

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20
Q

Pearce - Ideological Functions of Crime & Law

A

> Laws appear to benefit WC > UC e.g. health & safety laws, keeps workers fit 4 wrk = FCC.

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21
Q

Criticisms of Law Creation in favour of UC

A

> Laws made 4 harmonious running of society e.g. theft, violence etc.

> Consumer rights laws, protects our rights

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22
Q

Ideological Functions of Crime & Law

A

> State enforce law selectively & OS makes crime only WC shifts attention from UC crime

> Divides WC encouraging workers to blame criminals issues > capitalism

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23
Q

Althusser - Ideology

A

> Some reject ISA, so control & order needs maintaining w/ RSA

> Police & Army use physical force to deal w/ those who rebelling v social order

> e.g. 2011 Riots & Police response to BLM, works in favour of UC

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24
Q

Criticisms of Althusser

A

+ reject ISA of UC, w/out rebelling to an extent needing RSA to intervene

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25
Marxism A03 (KS)
> Left Realists
26
LR (Criticisms of Marxism)
Focuses only on UC Crime ignores + crime intra-WC e.g. theft
27
General Evaluation of Marxism
> Criminals now V, unequal society actually to blame > Not all capitalist societies w + CR e.g. Japan - crime > US
28
NM - Critical Criminology (KS)
> Taylor (Anti-Determinism & Crime as Voluntarist, FSTOD) > Hall (FSTOD - Policing the Crisis)
29
Anti-Determinism (Taylor)
Reject idea WC do crime cuz of poverty & ext factors e.g. anomie & labelling
30
Crime as Voluntarist (Taylor)
> Criminals consciouly do crime, to desperately change society w/ political motive > eg. redistributing wealth & not puppets of capitalism.
31
A03 of Crime as Voluntarist (KS)
> Rock (Romantic) | > RR
32
Rock - Criticisms of Taylor
> Overly romantic view of criminals e.g ‘’robin hoods'' fighting injustice > LR states most crimes by WC v WC, ignore effects on WC v’s
33
RR Criticisms of Taylor
> DV/Rape not politically motivated, crime opportunistic not reaction to injustice
34
Background to Taylor's FSTOD
> Comprehensive theory to change society for better, uses elements of marx/interactionism
35
6 Elements of FSTOD
1. Origins of Deviant Act 2. Immediate Origins of Deviant Act 3. Act itself & meaning for actor 4. Immediate Origins of Social Reaction 5. Wider Origins of Social Reaction 6. Effects of Labelling
36
1. Origins of Deviant Act - FSTOD
Power structures in society & social inequality
37
2. Immediate Origins of Deviant Act - FSTOD
Context person decides to commit act e.g. loss of job
38
3. Act itself & meaning for actor - FSTOD
e.g. was it a form of rebellion v capitalism
39
4. Immediate Origins of Social Reaction - FSTOD
Reactions of those around deviant e.g. police & society
40
5. Wider Origins of Social Reaction - FSTOD
Those w/ power to define deviant actions & why some get treated harsher than others
41
6. Effects of Labelling - FSTOD
Deviant’s future actions
42
Hall - FSTOD - Policing the Crisis
1. 70’s time of social crisis 2. Riots & Strikes 3. Mugging - police stigmatise black men 4. Media Outrage @ muggings 5. Need for scapegoat, black men easily blamed 6. Felling of injustice for BAME & confidence in CJS
43
AO3 NM (KS)
> Feminist | > Burke
44
Feminist - Criticisms of NM
Gender blind, only focus on M criminality > f
45
Burke - Criticisms of NM
Too general to explain crime irl & too idealistic to tackle crime
46
WCC
> Done by ppl w/ high status e.g. occupational & CC
47
Occupational Crime
Employees do 4 4 personal gain stealing from company
48
Corporate Crime
Done by employees for companies benefit e.g. to + profits
49
Crimes of the Powerful (KS)
> Tombs (Problem w/ WCC, Scale of CC) > Carrabine et al (Abuse of Trust) > Sutherland (Abuse of Trust)
50
Problem w/ WCC (Tombs)
> Harms of UC don’t breach criminal law e.g. administrative offences > e.g. companies failing to comply w/ codes of practice > Powerful companies influence law, so acts uncriminalised
51
Scale of CC (Tombs)
> Does + harm > street crime, = costs e.g. deaths, injuries, pollutions > Not just by few widespread & routine
52
Examples of CC
> Financial Crimes > Against Consumers > Against Employees > Against Environment > State CC
53
Financial Crimes & vs Consumers (Examples
> e.g. tax evasion, bribery > e.g. selling unfit goods hiding defects
54
Examples of Crimes vs Employees & Environment & State
> e.g. breaking health & safety laws > e.g. toxic waste dumping > e.g. Priv contractors exempt from prosecution for testifying
55
Breast Implant Example - Crime vs Consumers
> Give F breast implants filled w/ dangerous industrial silicone > expensive medical silicone > 300K sold over world
56
Carrabine et al - Abuse of Trust
> Professional in positions of trust w/ finances, health & info but can violate trust > e.g. GP Harold Shipman killed 15 patients
57
Sutherland - Abuse of Trust
> WCC + threat to society > WC crime = leads to distrust of key institutions & undermines fabric of society
58
Reasons for Invisibility of CC
``` > Media > Lack of Political Will > Complex > De-Labelling > Under-Reporting ```
59
Media (Reasons for Invisibility of CC)
> Limited coverage of CC, reinforces idea it's WC only > Sugarcoat CC crime e.g. embezzlement as ‘’accounting irregularities’’ > & death @ work accidents > negligence
60
Lack of Political Will (Reasons for Invisibility of CC)
> For CC only focused on street crime > e.g. HO used crime surveys for ordinary crime > CC.
61
Complex (Reasons for Invisibility of CC)
> Law enforcers under-resourced & no technical expertise to investigate effectively.
62
De-Labelling - Reasons for Invisibility of CC
> CC filtered out of process of criminalisation, seen as civil not criminal > Penalties are often fines not jail.
63
Example of De-Labelling - Reasons for Invisibility of CC
> 3.6K UK ppl had secret bank accounts w/ HSBC to avoid tax > But only 1 persecution & no action v HSBC
64
Partial Visibility of CC Crime
> Media investigations into CC crime so + visible > past. > Due to privatisation of public services, companies + involved in daily lives > So now exposed to + scrutiny.
65
Explanations of CC
``` > Strain Theory > Differential Association > Labelling Theory > Marxism > Organisational Cultures > Globalisation > De-Regulation of Laws ```
66
Strain Theory, DA & Labelling Theory - Explanations of CC (KS)
> Box (Strain Theory) > Clinard & Yeager (Strain Theory) > Sutherland (DA) > Sykes & Matza (TON) (DA) > Cicourel (LT) > Nelken (De-Labelling) (LT)
67
Box (Strain Theory) - Explanations of CC
> If companies in tough situations & can’t maximise profit by legal means tempted to innovate > e.g. Barcelona illegal state aid
68
Clinard & Yeager (Strain Theory) - Explanations of CC
> Law violations by large companies increased when financial performance fell. > Highlighting willingness to achieve through innovation
69
Sutherland (DA) - Explanations of CC
> Criminality learned from associating w/ ppl w/ criminal attitudes, leads us to be deviant > Culture of business likes aggressive personalities wanting to succeed w/ crime becomes socialised.
70
Sykes & Matza (Techniques of Neutralization) (DA) - Explanations of CC
> Ppl deviate easier if they produce justifications to neutralise objections to it > e.g. say they were carrying orders from above or say everyones doing it.
71
Cicourel (LT) - Explanations of CC
> MC can negotiate non-criminal labels for behaviour
72
Nelken (De-Labelling) (LT) - Explanations of CC
> Act only criminal if labelled, companies avoid this w/ expensive rep. > Reduce seriousness of charges & hide criminal behaviour > Enforcement agencies don't effectively investigate - NO of offences labelled.
73
Marxism, Organisational Cultures, De-Regulation of Laws, Globalisation - Explanations of CC (KS)
> Box (Mystification) > Pearce (Smokescreen) > Tombs & Snider (Organisational Cultures) > Tombs & Whyte (De-Regulation of Laws)
74
Marxism (Explanations of CC)
> CC due 2 capitalist goals, companies only comply if enforce strictly > Criminogenic as if legit means 4 profit blocked will resort to illegal means
75
Box (Mystification) - Explanations of CC
> Spreads ideology CC - harmful > WC crime stops state making laws conflicting w/ interests
76
Pearce (Smokescreen) - Explanations of CC
> Some CC prosecuted, but only tip of iceberg, acts as a smokescreen > Gives illusion state controlling CC crime but still get away w/lots of crime
77
General Criticisms of Marxist Explanations of CC
> Don't explain crime of NPO e.g. state
78
AO3 Explanations of CC (KS)
> Nelken | > Braithwaite
79
Nelken - Criticisms of Marxism (Explanations of CC)
> Unrealistic all business offend w/out risk of punishment > due to factors e.g. maintaining PR w/other companies
80
Braithwaite - Criticisms of Marxism (Explanations of CC)
> Law-abiding + profitable > breaking e.g. pharmaceutical companies complying w/ FDA rules > Can access lucrative markets in poor countries, due to guarantee of quality
81
Tombs & Snider (Organisational Cultures) - Explanation of CC
> Culture of corporations = criminal behaviour, excessive comp = risk taking e.g. profit > ppl > Need to please shareholders, makes decisions unethical, but can use bylaws 4 protection
82
Deregulation of Laws - Explanation of CC
> + in CC as of - risk breaking regulations, if caught companies fined > But low - so not disincentive
83
Tombs & Whyte (Deregulation of Laws) - Explanation of CC
> - health & safety inspections est 2000 > Allows companies to breach it putting staff & customers @ risk
84
Globalisation - Explanation of CC
> Big companies go nations w/ - law, eco power of companies outmuscles gov of nations > Don’t oppose acts as want to attract TNC’s to + employment & popularity w/ppl > But = human exploitation & health & safety issues
85
Bangladesh Factory Collapse Example of Globalisation
> Workers 4 major retailers, had 1K+ workers killed when factories collapse
86
Undereporting - Reasons for Invisibility of CC
> Often V whole of society, not just 1. V’s unaware of victimisation > Don’t see as real crime/feel powerless & don't report it fg

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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