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Sociology Alevel > 4.2 - Class, Power & Crime (Marxism) > Flashcards

4.2 - Class, Power & Crime (Marxism) Flashcards

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1
Q

Functionalist Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

> Due to inadequate socialisation e.g. Durkheim

> Miller - Focal Concerns

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2
Q

Strain Theorists Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

> e.g. Merton

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3
Q

Subcultural Theorists Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

> e.g. Cohen SF & C&O 3 SC

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4
Q

Labelling Theorists Explanations for Class Differences in Crime

A

No act is deviant, labelling makes it so, WC more likely to be labelled.

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5
Q

General Marxist View on Crime

A

> Law enforced selectively vs WC & OS flawed

> CJS serves UC interests & structure of capitalism expcrime.

> Need 4 classless society, w/ less crime

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6
Q

Criminogenic Capitalism

A

Crime inevitable very nature causes crime, based on exploiting WC for profit.

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7
Q

Criminogenic Capitalism & WC Crime

A

> Poverty so crime only way WC survive

> Only way to get consumer goods, promoted by advertising = util crimes e.g. theft

> Alienation = frustration = non-util crimes e.g. violence

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8
Q

Criminogenic Capitalism & UC Crime

A

> Win @ all costs mentality instilled = greed profit, so do CC

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9
Q

Marxism - Class & Crime (KS)

A

> Chambliss (Criminogenic Capitalism, State & Law Making)

> Gordon (Prevalence of Crime)

> Mankoff (Welfare State & Crime)

> Snider (State & Law Making)

> Reinan (Selective Enforcement)

> Pearce (Ideological Functions of Crime & Law)

> Althusser (Ideology)

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10
Q

Chambliss (Criminogenic Capitalism)

A

> Universal in all classes, due to focus on utili gains

> WC & UC used diff ways to get goods, e.g. w/ limited means so do violence & thefts

> UC + options e.g. CC

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11
Q

General Criticisms of Chambliss

A

Too deterministic, not all WC turn to crime, despite financial position

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12
Q

Gordon (Prevalence of Crime)

A

> Crime rational response to capitalism in a dog eat dog society - present in all classes

> Especially in US w/ lack of welfare, so WC need 2 do crime 4 survival

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13
Q

Mankoff (Welfare State & Crime)

A

>

  • LVLS of crime in EU > US, as basic needs e.g. healthcare & food etc met

> Feel protected by state & don’t do crime

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14
Q

Chambliss (State & Law Making)

A

> Main purpose of law to protect wealth from masses

> e.g. English law introduced in east africa, but didn’t want to work for British

> Gov made tax w/ punishment for no payment = new workforce for plantation owners, so can pay tax

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15
Q

Snider (State & Law Making)

A

> Reluctant to pass laws 2 regulate businesses e.g. profit > ppl

> Ppl in CC - likely to be prosecuted

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16
Q

Methods of UC Creation of Laws

A

> Connections w/ officials to pass laws, protecting priv property

> Big companies use pressure groups to pass laws in their interests

> Ownership of free press, make WC activities seem deviant & need control

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17
Q

Examples of Laws in favour of UC

A

> Tax laws allows companies to avoid tax, w/ registered officers in tax havens

> Non-implementation for recommendations of Grenfell, due to costs for companies

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18
Q

Reinan - Selective Enforcement

A

> WC + likely to be criminalised, but courts ignore UC crime

> e.g. Social Security Fraud by WC always prosecuted, but tax evasion of UC isn’t

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19
Q

Knife Crime & Selective Enforcement

A

> 47K knife crimes in UK vs 69K workplace accidents

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20
Q

Pearce - Ideological Functions of Crime & Law

A

> Laws appear to benefit WC > UC e.g. health & safety laws, keeps workers fit 4 wrk = FCC.

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21
Q

Criticisms of Law Creation in favour of UC

A

> Laws made 4 harmonious running of society e.g. theft, violence etc.

> Consumer rights laws, protects our rights

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22
Q

Ideological Functions of Crime & Law

A

> State enforce law selectively & OS makes crime only WC shifts attention from UC crime

> Divides WC encouraging workers to blame criminals issues > capitalism

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23
Q

Althusser - Ideology

A

> Some reject ISA, so control & order needs maintaining w/ RSA

> Police & Army use physical force to deal w/ those who rebelling v social order

> e.g. 2011 Riots & Police response to BLM, works in favour of UC

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24
Q

Criticisms of Althusser

A

+ reject ISA of UC, w/out rebelling to an extent needing RSA to intervene

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25
Q

Marxism A03 (KS)

A

> Left Realists

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26
Q

LR (Criticisms of Marxism)

A

Focuses only on UC Crime ignores + crime intra-WC e.g. theft

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27
Q

General Evaluation of Marxism

A

> Criminals now V, unequal society actually to blame

> Not all capitalist societies w + CR e.g. Japan - crime > US

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28
Q

NM - Critical Criminology (KS)

A

> Taylor (Anti-Determinism & Crime as Voluntarist, FSTOD)

> Hall (FSTOD - Policing the Crisis)

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29
Q

Anti-Determinism (Taylor)

A

Reject idea WC do crime cuz of poverty & ext factors e.g. anomie & labelling

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30
Q

Crime as Voluntarist (Taylor)

A

> Criminals consciouly do crime, to desperately change society w/ political motive

> eg. redistributing wealth & not puppets of capitalism.

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31
Q

A03 of Crime as Voluntarist (KS)

A

> Rock (Romantic)

> RR

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32
Q

Rock - Criticisms of Taylor

A

> Overly romantic view of criminals e.g ‘’robin hoods’’ fighting injustice

> LR states most crimes by WC v WC, ignore
effects on WC v’s

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33
Q

RR Criticisms of Taylor

A

> DV/Rape not politically motivated, crime opportunistic not reaction to injustice

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34
Q

Background to Taylor’s FSTOD

A

> Comprehensive theory to change society for better, uses elements of marx/interactionism

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35
Q

6 Elements of FSTOD

A
  1. Origins of Deviant Act
  2. Immediate Origins of Deviant Act
  3. Act itself & meaning for actor
  4. Immediate Origins of Social Reaction
  5. Wider Origins of Social Reaction
  6. Effects of Labelling
36
Q
  1. Origins of Deviant Act - FSTOD
A

Power structures in society & social inequality

37
Q
  1. Immediate Origins of Deviant Act - FSTOD
A

Context person decides to commit act e.g. loss of job

38
Q
  1. Act itself & meaning for actor - FSTOD
A

e.g. was it a form of rebellion v capitalism

39
Q
  1. Immediate Origins of Social Reaction - FSTOD
A

Reactions of those around deviant e.g. police & society

40
Q
  1. Wider Origins of Social Reaction - FSTOD
A

Those w/ power to define deviant actions & why some get treated harsher than others

41
Q
  1. Effects of Labelling - FSTOD
A

Deviant’s future actions

42
Q

Hall - FSTOD - Policing the Crisis

A
  1. 70’s time of social crisis
  2. Riots & Strikes
  3. Mugging - police stigmatise black men
  4. Media Outrage @ muggings
  5. Need for scapegoat, black men easily blamed
  6. Felling of injustice for BAME & confidence in CJS
43
Q

AO3 NM (KS)

A

> Feminist

> Burke

44
Q

Feminist - Criticisms of NM

A

Gender blind, only focus on M criminality > f

45
Q

Burke - Criticisms of NM

A

Too general to explain crime irl & too idealistic to tackle crime

46
Q

WCC

A

> Done by ppl w/ high status e.g. occupational & CC

47
Q

Occupational Crime

A

Employees do 4 4 personal gain stealing from company

48
Q

Corporate Crime

A

Done by employees for companies benefit e.g. to + profits

49
Q

Crimes of the Powerful (KS)

A

> Tombs (Problem w/ WCC, Scale of CC)
Carrabine et al (Abuse of Trust)
Sutherland (Abuse of Trust)

50
Q

Problem w/ WCC (Tombs)

A

> Harms of UC don’t breach criminal law e.g. administrative offences

> e.g. companies failing to comply w/ codes of practice

> Powerful companies influence law, so acts uncriminalised

51
Q

Scale of CC (Tombs)

A

> Does + harm > street crime, = costs e.g. deaths, injuries, pollutions

> Not just by few widespread & routine

52
Q

Examples of CC

A

> Financial Crimes

> Against Consumers

> Against Employees

> Against Environment

> State CC

53
Q

Financial Crimes & vs Consumers (Examples

A

> e.g. tax evasion, bribery

> e.g. selling unfit goods hiding defects

54
Q

Examples of Crimes vs Employees & Environment & State

A

> e.g. breaking health & safety laws

> e.g. toxic waste dumping

> e.g. Priv contractors exempt from prosecution for testifying

55
Q

Breast Implant Example - Crime vs Consumers

A

> Give F breast implants filled w/ dangerous industrial silicone > expensive medical silicone

> 300K sold over world

56
Q

Carrabine et al - Abuse of Trust

A

> Professional in positions of trust w/ finances, health & info but can violate trust

> e.g. GP Harold Shipman killed 15 patients

57
Q

Sutherland - Abuse of Trust

A

> WCC + threat to society > WC crime = leads to distrust of key institutions & undermines fabric of society

58
Q

Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A 
> Media
> Lack of Political Will
> Complex
> De-Labelling
> Under-Reporting
59
Q

Media (Reasons for Invisibility of CC)

A

> Limited coverage of CC, reinforces idea it’s WC only

> Sugarcoat CC crime e.g. embezzlement as ‘’accounting irregularities’’

> & death @ work accidents > negligence

60
Q

Lack of Political Will (Reasons for Invisibility of CC)

A

> For CC only focused on street crime

> e.g. HO used crime surveys for ordinary crime > CC.

61
Q

Complex (Reasons for Invisibility of CC)

A

> Law enforcers under-resourced & no technical expertise to investigate effectively.

62
Q

De-Labelling - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

> CC filtered out of process of criminalisation, seen as civil not criminal

> Penalties are often fines not jail.

63
Q

Example of De-Labelling - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

> 3.6K UK ppl had secret bank accounts w/ HSBC to avoid tax

> But only 1 persecution & no action v HSBC

64
Q

Partial Visibility of CC Crime

A

> Media investigations into CC crime so + visible > past.

> Due to privatisation of public services, companies + involved in daily lives

> So now exposed to + scrutiny.

65
Q

Explanations of CC

A 
> Strain Theory
> Differential Association
> Labelling Theory
> Marxism
> Organisational Cultures
> Globalisation
> De-Regulation of Laws
66
Q

Strain Theory, DA & Labelling Theory - Explanations of CC (KS)

A

> Box (Strain Theory)
Clinard & Yeager (Strain Theory)

> Sutherland (DA)
Sykes & Matza (TON) (DA)

> Cicourel (LT)
Nelken (De-Labelling) (LT)

67
Q

Box (Strain Theory) - Explanations of CC

A

> If companies in tough situations & can’t maximise profit by legal means tempted to innovate

> e.g. Barcelona illegal state aid

68
Q

Clinard & Yeager (Strain Theory) - Explanations of CC

A

> Law violations by large companies increased when financial performance fell.

> Highlighting willingness to achieve through innovation

69
Q

Sutherland (DA) - Explanations of CC

A

> Criminality learned from associating w/ ppl w/ criminal attitudes, leads us to be deviant

> Culture of business likes aggressive personalities wanting to succeed w/ crime becomes socialised.

70
Q

Sykes & Matza (Techniques of Neutralization) (DA) - Explanations of CC

A

> Ppl deviate easier if they produce justifications to neutralise objections to it

> e.g. say they were carrying orders from above or say everyones doing it.

71
Q

Cicourel (LT) - Explanations of CC

A

> MC can negotiate non-criminal labels for behaviour

72
Q

Nelken (De-Labelling) (LT) - Explanations of CC

A

> Act only criminal if labelled, companies avoid this w/ expensive rep.

> Reduce seriousness of charges & hide criminal behaviour

> Enforcement agencies don’t effectively investigate - NO of offences labelled.

73
Q

Marxism, Organisational Cultures, De-Regulation of Laws, Globalisation - Explanations of CC (KS)

A

> Box (Mystification)
Pearce (Smokescreen)

> Tombs & Snider (Organisational Cultures)

> Tombs & Whyte (De-Regulation of Laws)

74
Q

Marxism (Explanations of CC)

A

> CC due 2 capitalist goals, companies only comply if enforce strictly

> Criminogenic as if legit means 4 profit blocked will resort to illegal means

75
Q

Box (Mystification) - Explanations of CC

A

> Spreads ideology CC - harmful > WC crime stops state making laws conflicting w/ interests

76
Q

Pearce (Smokescreen) - Explanations of CC

A

> Some CC prosecuted, but only tip of iceberg, acts as a smokescreen

> Gives illusion state controlling CC crime but still get away w/lots of crime

77
Q

General Criticisms of Marxist Explanations of CC

A

> Don’t explain crime of NPO e.g. state

78
Q

AO3 Explanations of CC (KS)

A

> Nelken

> Braithwaite

79
Q

Nelken - Criticisms of Marxism (Explanations of CC)

A

> Unrealistic all business offend w/out risk of punishment

> due to factors e.g. maintaining PR w/other companies

80
Q

Braithwaite - Criticisms of Marxism (Explanations of CC)

A

> Law-abiding + profitable > breaking e.g. pharmaceutical companies complying w/ FDA rules

> Can access lucrative markets in poor countries, due to guarantee of quality

81
Q

Tombs & Snider (Organisational Cultures) - Explanation of CC

A

> Culture of corporations = criminal behaviour, excessive comp = risk taking e.g. profit > ppl

> Need to please shareholders, makes decisions unethical, but can use bylaws 4 protection

82
Q

Deregulation of Laws - Explanation of CC

A

>

  • in CC as of - risk breaking regulations, if caught companies fined

> But low - so not disincentive

83
Q

Tombs & Whyte (Deregulation of Laws) - Explanation of CC

A

>

  • health & safety inspections est 2000

> Allows companies to breach it putting staff & customers @ risk

84
Q

Globalisation - Explanation of CC

A

> Big companies go nations w/ - law, eco power of companies outmuscles gov of nations

> Don’t oppose acts as want to attract TNC’s to + employment & popularity w/ppl

> But = human exploitation & health & safety issues

85
Q

Bangladesh Factory Collapse Example of Globalisation

A

> Workers 4 major retailers, had 1K+ workers killed when factories collapse

86
Q

Undereporting - Reasons for Invisibility of CC

A

> Often V whole of society, not just 1. V’s unaware of victimisation

> Don’t see as real crime/feel powerless & don’t report it fg

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