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Sociology Alevel > Children and Childhood - 2.4 > Flashcards

Children and Childhood - 2.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Childhood as Social Construction

A

> Varies historically & culutrally defined by society

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2
Q

Modern Ideas of Childhood

A

> Distinct e.g. GA w/right to happiness, opp to adults
e.g. diff laws, dress, product & services

> Vulnerable need adults 2 provide & protect from outside world

> Period of socialisation in family & education, excluded from £ work

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3
Q

Childhood as a Social Construct (KS)

A

> Wagg (Separate Age Status)

> Punch (Cross-Cultural Differences)
Firth (Cross-Cultural Differences)
Malinowski (Cross-Cultural Differences)

> Aries (Historical Differences in Childhood)
Shorter (Parental Attitudes 2 Kids in MA)

> Postman (Disappearance of Childhood)
Jenks (Childhood in Postmodernity)

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4
Q

Wagg (Separate Age Status)

A

> Not universal & should be distinguished from biological immaturity

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5
Q

Punch (Cross-Cultural Differences)

A

@ 5 take work roles in home & society w/out Q/hesitation (Bolivia)

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6
Q

Firth (Cross-Cultural Differences)

A

> Respect to adults choice of kid not expectation (Tikopia)

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7
Q

Malinowski (Cross-Cultural Differences)

A

> Adults w/ tolerance & amusement to kids’s sexual explorations (Trobiand)

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8
Q

Globalisation of Western Childhood

A

> Trying to impose western notions of childhood on tw

> e.g. Campaigns vs child labour = no impact on kids position in LEDC’s - prepare kids 4 adult life.

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9
Q

Aries (Historical Differences in Childhood)

A

> Childhood recent invention non-existient in MA e.g. artwork shows kids as ‘mini-adults w/ = roles

> No distinction in punishments

> But now obsessed w/ childhood e.g. 1900’s century of child

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10
Q

Shorter (Parental Attitudes 2 Kids in MA)

A

>

  • DR = neglect 2 infants parents gave newborns recently dead sibling name, forgot NO of kids
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11
Q

Aries & Historical Diff in School, Church, Clothing from 13th C

A

> Schools: Only 4 adults initially

> Church: Saw kids as fragile creatures needing protection

> Clothing: By 17th C distinction vs kids & adults clothing

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12
Q

A03 Childhood as a Social Construct (KS)

A

> Pollock (Aries)

> Opie (Postman)

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13
Q

Pollock (A03 Aries)

A

> Diff notion of childhood > non-existence

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14
Q

Reasons for Kids Changing Position

A

> Laws Banning Child Labour

> Compulsory Schooling

> Child Protection & Welfare Laws

> Industrialisation

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15
Q

Laws Banning Child Labour - Reasons for Kids Changing Position

A

> Not eco assets, but liabilities, dependent on parents

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16
Q

Compulsory Schooling - Reasons for Kids Changing Position

A

>

  • period of dependency, cost + 2 maintain
17
Q

Child Protection and Welfare Laws - Reasons for Kids Changing Position

A

Emphasised kids vulnerability, made welfare main concern.

18
Q

Industrialisation - Reasons for Kids Changing Position

A

> Modernity needs educated workforce need 4 compulsory educations

>

  • living standards so - IMR.
19
Q

Opie (AO3 Postman)

A

Not disappearing but changing, still evidence of separate kids culture e.g. games, books, songs etc.

20
Q

Postman (Disappearance of Childhood)

A

> Collapse of info hierarchy. due to TV culture adult info + visible to kids.

> During print culture less visible due to need 4 literacy skills, so can’t access themes e.g. sex, money violence

> So blurs adulthood e.g. kids doing adult crimes e.g murder or rape.

21
Q

General Criticisms of Postman

A

Overemphasises TV > laws/higher living standards.

22
Q

Jenks (Childhood in Modernity & Postmodernity)

A

> Changing not disappearing + child-centeredness

> Need 4 childhood as prep to be future productive adults.

> But in PM due to + divorce, adults relationships + unstable, so relationship w/kids last refuge from insecurity

> So + fearful of kids safety = + regulation

23
Q

General Criticisms of Jenks

A

> Overgeneralises that all in = position, ignores diversity of family/childhood patterns.

24
Q

Has the Positions of Children Improved (KS)

A

> Aries & Shorter (MOPV)

> Palmer (Toxic Childhood)

> Hillman (Inequalities Among Children in Gender)
Brannen (Inequalities Among Children in Ethnicity)
Woodroffe (Inequalities Among Children in Class)

> Firestone & Holt (Adult and Child Conflict & Inequality)

> Gittins (Age Patriachy)
James & Hockey (Resistance to Age Patriarchy by Kids)

> Myall (NSOC)
Smart (Kids in Divorce)

25
Q

Aries & Shorter (MOPV)

A

> Life now best ever, + valued & protected + health & rights - IFM etc

>

  • child-centred, + ILS & - so can afford to provide 4 them better

> Now + emotional & financial investment by parents

26
Q

Palmer (Toxic Childhood)

A

> Tech/cultural changes damaged kids development, so deprived of geniune childhood

> e.g junk food, video games, parents long wrking hrs tests @ skl

> UK + rates in obesity, teen pregnancies, drug/alcohol abuse

27
Q

General Criticisms of Palmer

A

> Trends not applicable to all WC + affected.

> Only cause of + understanding of mental health it looks toxic

28
Q

Hillman (Inequalities Among Children in Gender)

A

> B&G’s diff exp due to diff in socialisation.

> B + freedom younger e.g. going out late, G restricted to bedroom culture

29
Q

Brannen (Inequalities Among Children in Ethnicity)

A

Asians + strict & restrictive on daughters

30
Q

Woodroffe (Inequalities Among Children in Class)

A

> WC mums + lkikely to have low birth-weight babies, w/ delayed development.

>

  • likely to die as infant shorter in height, hyperactivity, IQ etc
31
Q

Firestone & Holt (Adult and Child Conflict & Inequality)

A

> MOPV’s overgeneralised, + kids neglected

> Childhood + oppressive, adults use excuse of protection limit activities

> e.g. excluded from paid work, so dependent & powerless to adult control - but control rational?

32
Q

Gittins (Age Patriachy)

A

> Adult domination = kids subordination, adults control kids TIME, SPACE, BODIES, RESOURCES

> Eco dependent on them, as they can’t work

>

  • Control abuse e.g. 40K kids are on protection register.
33
Q

James & Hockey (Resistance to Age Patriarchy by Kids)

A

> Act older engaging in adult acts e.g sex, smoking

> Want to escape childhood.

34
Q

Myall (New Sociology of Childhood)

A

> Kids just seen as passive “socialisation projects” for adults to shape

> But kids actually play + role, creating own childhood.

> NSOC looks @ kids viewpoints, exploring diverse childhoods

35
Q

Smart (Kids in Divorce & NSOC)

A

> Kids not passive V’s actively trying to make situation better 4 everyone.

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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