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Sociology Alevel > 4.4 - Gender & Crime > Flashcards

4.4 - Gender & Crime Flashcards

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1
Q

Gender Patterns in Recorded Crime

A

> M + likely to do crime > W & repeat offenders w/ criminal careers.

> F + likely to do crime e.g. theft, fraud, prostitution

> M + likely to do crime e.g. violent crime, rape, CC etc.

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2
Q

Do Women do more crime?

A

> OS underestimate F criminality as they’re - likely to be reported

> e.g. F theft - likely to be reported > M violence

> Even when reported - likely to be prosecuted

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3
Q

Gender Patterns in Crime (KS)

A

> Pollack (CT)
Graham & Bowling (SRS)

> Farrington & Morris & Box (Evidence vs CT)
Buckle & Farrington (Evidence vs CT)

> Heidensohn (Bias v Women)
Carlen (Bias v Women)
Walkate (Bias v Women)

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4
Q

Pollack - Chivalry Thesis

A

> CJS made up of M socialised to have protective attitude to F, unwilling to arrest & convict them - be chivalrous to them

> Crimes - likely to end up in OS, gives inaccurate pic underreps F crime

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5
Q

2 Forms of Evidence for CT

A

> OS

> Self-Report Studies

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6
Q

Self Report Studies - Graham & Bowling (Evidence for CT)

A

> Young M 2x + likely than F to commit offence in prev yr,

> But OS shows M 4x + likely to offend

> Also F + likely to be cautioned > prosecuted

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7
Q

OS - Evidence for CT

A

> F + likely to get fines - likely to go prison

> F + to get bail > remanded in custody

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8
Q

Farrington & Morris & Box - Evidence vs CT

A

> F not sentenced + leniently for = offences

> F doing serious offences not treated + favourably > M

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9
Q

Buckle & Farrington - Evidence vs CT

A

> Saw 2x + M shoplifting >, but NO of M&F in OS =

> Shows F shoplifters treated harsher.

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10
Q

General Criticisms of CT

A

>

  • F in CJS disregards CT

> F treated + lenient as crimes are - serious

> F face 2x deviancy in CJS, especially when crimes go vs gender norms

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11
Q

Heidensohn - Bias v Women

A

> 2x standards of courts punishing F not M for promiscuous sexual activity

> e.g. 7/11 F referred for support as they were sexual active, but 0/44 M.

> e.g. F not conforming to accepted standards of heterosexuality & motherhood punished + harshly

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12
Q

Carlen - Bias v Women

A

> When F jailed - for seriousness of crime, but courts assesment of them as wives & daughters

>

  • likely to jail F w/ kids in care > F seen as good mums
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13
Q

Walkate - Bias v Women

A

> For rape cases V’s on trial not D, as she’s got to prove respectability to have evidence accepted

> Single mom’s find it hard to have testimony accepted.

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14
Q

Reasons F do less crime

A 
> Biological Factors
> Functionalist Sex Role Theory
> Patriarchal Control
> Gender & Class Deal
> Liberation Thesis (Actually + crime)
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15
Q

Reasons F do less crime (KS)

A

> Lombroso & Ferrero (Biological Factors)

> Parsons (FSRT)
Cohen (FRST)

> Heidensohn’s (Patriarchal Control)
Hirschi’s (Control Theory)
Carlen (Class & Gender Deals)

> Adler (LT)
Denscombe (LT)

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16
Q

Lombroso & Ferrero - Biological Factors

A

> Criminality is innate, - F born criminals

>

  • lvls of testosterone leads to + lvls of offending
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17
Q

Parsons - FSRT

A

> M reject F models of behaviour expressing emotion, distance themselves from this

> Engaging in compensatory compulsory masculinity e.g. ASB, risk-taking & aggression

> As M have breadwinner role @ wrk, socialisation’s difficult for boys
.

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18
Q

Cohen - FSRT

A

> Lack of M role model > boys join street gangs > give masculine identity

> Gain status through delinquency.

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19
Q

Walkate - Criticisms of FSRT

A

> F have biological capacity for kids don’t mean they’re best suited to expressive role.

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20
Q

Heidensohn - General View on Control & F Crime

A

> F - crimes as patriarchal society puts + control over F so - chances 2 do so

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22
Q

Heidensohn’s 3 Areas of Patriarchal Control

A

> Home
Public
Work

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23
Q

Home - Heidensohn

A

> F expressive role so - time to do crime

> Due 2 threat of DV.

> F restricted to bedroom culture, so - chance to do crime

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24
Q

Work - Heidensohn

A

> GCC so no CC

> Sexual harassment keep F in place

25
Q

Public - Heidensohn

A

> Feel they can’t go out alone @ night, threat of rape - so stay inside

> Don’t go into pubs (sites of criminal behaviour) - fear being seen as sexually loose

26
Q

Criticisms of Heidensohn

A

> Patriarchal control pushes ppl into crime

> EOP reduce patriarchal control

27
Q

Hirschi’s Control Theory

A

> Controlled being offered deal e.g. rewards for conforming to norms

> Crime occurs if ppl don’t think they’ll get rewards or they + > risks

28
Q

Carlen - Class & Gender Deals

A

WC F led to conform through promise of 2 types of deals e.g. Class Deal & Gender Deal

29
Q

Class Deal - Carlen

A

Working F offered material rewards decent standard of living & leisure opportunities.

30
Q

Gender Deal - Carlen

A

F conforming 2 TR get material/emotional rewards of family life

31
Q

Implications of Unavailability of Deals - Carlen

A

> F GCC e.g. - salary (CD)

> F faced DV & had generally poor family lifes (GD)

> As they’d gained nothing from GD/CD, crime was only route to decent life - w/ nothing to lose & everything to gain.

32
Q

Criticisms of Carlen

A

> F crime due 2 ext factors & ignores FW

> C’s sample unrep just WC/serious offenders

33
Q

LT - Adler

A

> F + liberated from patriarchy = + crime & severity due to = opp & assertiveness

> F adopt traditional M roles @ wrk & in illegitimate spheres

> Do TR M crime break GC do WCC.

34
Q

LT - Denscombe

A

> F = M teens engaging in risk-taking behaviour & G’s adopting M stances

> e.g. desire 4 control/looking hard.

35
Q

Lind - Criticisms of LT

A

> Most WC & uninfluenced by LT

> Do e.g. drugs, but link w/ prostitution unliberating

36
Q

Ladler & Hunt - Criticisms of LT

A

> Prof crime structure not opening to F

> F in US gang in expected to conform to TGR like non-deviant F

37
Q

General Criticisms of LT

A

F crime rate growing in 50’s before LT

38
Q

Evidence supporting + in violent F crime

A

From 2000-2008, OS + by avg of 17% each yr.

39
Q

General evidence against + in F violent crime

A

+ in OS unmatched by VS & SRS don’t show + trend.

40
Q

Increase in Female Crime (KS)

A

> Schwartz (Net Widening)

> Sharpe (Net Widening & Moral Panic)

> Worrall (Net Widening)

41
Q

Schwartz - Net Widening

A

F’s involvement in violence =

>

  • is due to CJS prosecuting 4 - serious violence > b4.
42
Q

Sharpe - Net Widening

A

> Prosecute F’s for low lvl physical altercations e.g. playground fights

>

  • convictions didn’t use weapons
43
Q

Worrall - Net Widening

A

F’s misbehaviour previously seen as welfare issue, now re-labelled as criminality.

44
Q

Moral Panic & Increase in F Criminality

A

+ convictions due to media-inspired MP about young F’s being out of control

45
Q

Sharpe - Moral Panic

A

CJS professionals influenced by media stereotypes of violent ‘’ladettes’’ felt F’s behaviour getting worse.

46
Q

Effects of Moral Panic on F Crime

A

> Creates DAS, courts take tougher stance,

> Resulting in + convictions = neg media coverage.

47
Q

Gender & Victimisation

A

>

  • M > F are V’s of violence + F > M V’s of DV - little reported

> F have + of crime, but CSEW shows they’re @ less risk, but local surveys found opposite.

48
Q

Reasons for Male Crime (KS)

A

> Messerschmidt (View on Masculinity, Hegemonic & Subordinated Masculinity, MC Men)

> Winlow (PM, Masculinity & Crime & Botdily Capital)

49
Q

Messerschmidt - View on Masculinity

A

> Social construction M have to wrk @ presenting/projecting

> Some M have more resources > others they can rely on

> Deviance is a resource they rely on to accomplish HM

50
Q

2 Types of Masculinity - Messerschmidt

A

> Hegemonic (HM)

> Subordinated (SM)

51
Q

Hegemonic Masculinity - Messerschmidt

A

> Dominant form & most M work to accomplish revolves around paid labour & ability to subordinate F

> Uncontrollable heterosexuality

52
Q

Subordinated Masculinity - Messerschmidt

A

> Homosexual M, no desire to achieve HM, incl. WC & EM who lack resources 4 it

> So turn to crime e.g. street robberies

53
Q

MC Men Masculinity & Crime - Messerschmidt

A

MC M use CC 2 get HM

54
Q

Criticisms of Messerschmidt

A

> Description of offenders not explanation.

> Why don’t M all use crime to achieve HM

> Overworked to fit all crimes e.g. joyriding to embezzlement

55
Q

Winlow: Postmodernity, Masculinity & Crime

A

> Globalisation > - of manual jobs > + service sector e.g. pubs etc.

> Working as bouncers gave chance 4 illegal business ventures in drugs etc

> & chance to show masculinity through violence

56
Q

Winlow: Bodily Capital (BC)

A

> Maintaining ‘’hardman’’ image essential 4 success in night economy

> Made body-building career necessity w/ need to prove strength & rep

> Form of intimidation, stops competitors challenging them

> New crim chances 4 M creating conditions 4 + org criminal subculture

57
Q

Criticisms of Winlow

A

> BC not only reserved for M w/ over ⅓ of door supervisors in UK are F & + in F bodybuilding

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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