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Sociology Alevel > Demography - 2.5 > Flashcards

Demography - 2.5 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Demography

A

Study of populations characteristics.

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2
Q

4 Factors affecting Population Growth

A

> Births & Immigration + pop

> Deaths & Emigration - pop

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3
Q

Natural Change (NC)

A

NO of Births - NO of Deaths

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4
Q

Net Migration (NM)

A

NO of ppl immigrating into a country - NO emigrating from it.

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5
Q

Trend in UK Pop

A

>

  • est 1900, due to NC > NM.
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6
Q

2 Measures of Birth

A

> Birth Rate (BR)

> Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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7
Q

Birth Rate

A

NO of live births per 1K of population per year.

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8
Q

Trend in BR

A
  • est 1900, despite Baby Booms after 2 WWW’s & 60’s
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9
Q

TFR

A

> Avg NO of kids F has in her fertile years (15-44).

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10
Q

Trend in TFR & Reasons

A
  • & affects family size

>

  • F childless or having kids later
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11
Q

IMR( infant mortality rate)

A

NO of infants dying before 1 per 1K babies born per yr.

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12
Q

Birth (KS)

A

> Harper (ILS)

> Giddens (Contraception)

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13
Q

Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Improved Living Standards (ILS)
Contraception (Giddens)
Changes in Position of Kids & F
Geographical Mobility

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14
Q

Harper (Improved Living Standards (ILS) & Falling BR) - Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Richer country - BR, ILS so ppl have less kids.

> ILS = + housing, diet, education & medical care.

>

  • IMR so ppl have - ‘replacement babies’ 4 those who died in infancy
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15
Q

A03 ILS Births (KS)

A

> Functionalism (SD)

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16
Q

Functionalist (Structural Differentiation) - Criticisms of ILS

A

> State institutions do EF function, so don’t need kids 2 look after us in OAP

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17
Q

Contraception (Giddens) - Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Plastic sexuality’ = sex becomes detached from reproduction.

> Due to pill i.e. allows for + strategic family planning, IVF allows 4 delaying kids

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18
Q

General Criticisms of Giddens & Reasons 4 - BR

A

> IVF expensive, not 4 all

> Baby Boom in 60s came after pill’s invention

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19
Q

Changes in Position of Kids & F - Reasons 4 - BR

A

>

  • F focused on career first or not interested @ all

> Kids were eco assets, but compulsory skl + dependency, cost +

> Child centeredness e.g. move from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’

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20
Q

Geo Mobility - Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Modern labour force needs to be very mobile, incentive 4 smaller families e.g. easier to pack up & move elsewhere.

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21
Q

Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

> Family
Dependency Ratio
Lonely
Public Services & Policies

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22
Q

Family - Changes in Fertility

A

> Smaller. F can now go wrk creating DEF

> But wealthy couples can still have + kids e.g. can afford childcare

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23
Q

DR - Changes in Fertility

A

>

  • kids reduces burden on wrking pop

> But - ppl entering workforce + ppl retiring = + tax on wrking pop supporting retired majority

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24
Q

Lonely - Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

> Childhood’s lonelier for only kids + childless adults = - ppl giving kids a voice

> But kids + valued

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25
Q

Public Services & Policies - Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

>

  • skls & health services needed - spent on maternity leave

> Instead of - skls, gov may opt 4 smaller classes sizes

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26
Q

Trend of deaths

A

Fallen

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27
Q

Death Rate (DR)

A

NO of deaths per 1K of population per yr.

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28
Q

Deaths (KS)

A

> McKeown (Improved Nutrition)

> Tranter (Fall in NO of deaths from Infectious Diseases (ID)

> Harper (Obesity)

> Walker (LE in Poor vs Rich Areas)

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29
Q

ILS Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Improved Nutrition & + Income

> Better Quality Housing & Smaller Family Sizes

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30
Q

McKeown (Improved Nutrition) & Income - ILS Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Better diet, so - deaths from TB, + resistance to ID & survival chances

>

  • income so + £ for medicines, food etc - but + taxation 4 NHS
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31
Q

Better Quality Housing & Small Famliy Sizes - ILS Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Heating during winter - NO of colds & - damp = - ilness

> Safer Housing = - deaths from accidents

>

  • contraception = - less kids = - disease transmission
32
Q

General Criticisms of ILS

A

> F get - share of food supply but live + > M

>

  • food ≠ better nutrition e.g. obesity

> MC still + LE > WC suffering poverty

33
Q

Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Fall in NO of deaths from Infectious Diseases & Medical Advances

> Obesity

34
Q

Tranter (Fall in NO of deaths from ID) - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Vaccines so - deaths from e.g. measles & - in DR mostly from kids

> Deaths of affluence > ID, but reduced w/ creation of NHS, blood transfusions etc

35
Q

Obesity - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Obesity now + issue > smoking, but deaths - due 2 drug therapies.

> Now US health culture w/ unhealthy lifestyles, but + lives achieved w/ costly medication.

36
Q

General Criticisms of Medical Improvements (Tranter)

A

> Vaccinations not entirely effective e.g. COVID

> MC have private health care, WC don’t

37
Q

Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes

38
Q

Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes - Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths

A

>

  • effective Gov w/ power to pass laws e.g. clean drinking water, food hygiene, health & safety

> COVID measures

39
Q

Other Social Changes - leading to Fall in Deaths

A

>

  • of dangerous manual jobs e.g. mining.

> + public knowledge of causes of illness

40
Q

General Criticisms of Social Factors and Policies

A

> COVID Measures not effective e.g. + mental health problems

41
Q

Life Expectancy (LE) & Trends

A

> How long on avg person born in given yr can expect to live.

>

  • but F + > M, but gap - due to employment/lifestyle changes

> As DR - LE + (Soon reach - radical longetivity w/ + centurions)

42
Q

Walker (LE in Poor vs Rich Areas & Jobs)

A

> Ppl in poor areas die earlier > ppl in richest areas.

> Ppl in manual work die earlier > ppl in prof jobs

43
Q

Trend in Avg Age of Population

A

+

44
Q

3 Factors leading to Ageing Population

A

>

  • LE: Live longer
  • IMR: Hardly anyone dies in infancy.
  • Fertility : - babies born
45
Q

Effects of an Ageing Population

A

> Public Services
One-Person Pensioner Households
Dependency Ratio

46
Q

Public Services - Effects of an Ageing Population

A

> OAP’s 75+ take up + proportion of healthcare services so + spending on health care

> Need 4 change in policies e.g. housing & transport.

47
Q

1 Person Pensioner Households - Effects of an Ageing Population

A

>

  • F e.g. live + M > & younger than Husband

> e.g. Among 75+ 2x F > M

48
Q

Dependency Ratio - Effects of an Ageing Population

A

>

  • retired ppl = + burden on wrking pop

> But - kids born reduces burden

49
Q

Ageing Population (KS)

A

> Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective)

> Hunt (PM Society & Old Age)

> Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a SC)

50
Q

Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective)

A

> Status based role in production, OAP’s excluded from production = dependent status

> Not productive rejected support by capitalist state so family take responsibility for care.

> Made powerless.

51
Q

Hunt (PM Society & Old Age)

A

> No fixed life plan late marriage/early retirement, blur boundaries vs life stages

> Can pick identities regardless of age e.g. gym memberships/cosmetic surgery

> Emphasis on surface features OAP can write identities w/ anti-ageing products

> Media w/ +ve image of OAP’s, lifestyle - stigma

52
Q

Hunt AO3 (KS)

A

Pilcher (Inequality Among Old)

53
Q

Pilcher (Inequality Among Old) - Hunt AO3 (KS)

A

> WC - LE & + ilness vs MC w/ + savings

> e.g. F - salaries & pensions, face sexist harassment e.g. ‘old hag’

> 29% suffered age discrimination > other forms

54
Q

Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a SC)

A

> To cope w/ + OAP, + tax & + retirement age

> Change in housing policy encouraging OAP’s to go to smaller places freeing houses 4 young

> OAP not biological fact, but SC

55
Q

Migration

A

Movement from place to place

56
Q

Immigration Trends from 1900-40’s & 50-70s & 80s

A

+ immigrant groups Irish, EU Jews & Canada/USA (00-40)

> Non-white immigrants e.g. Caribbean & South Asia (50-70)

> White EU main source, non-white only 1/4 (80s)

57
Q

Policies Restricting Non White Immigration in 60s & 90s

A

Immigration/Nationality Acts

58
Q

Emigration est 1900 - Trends

A

>

  • emigrants went USA, Canada, Australia & NZ

> Due to push factors e.g. unemployment/eco recession & pull factors e.g. + wages etc

> Contrast w/ppl migrating due to prosecution

59
Q

3 Impacts of Migration on UK Population Structure

A

> Population Size: +

> Age Structure: - avg age directly e.g. are working age & indirectly = + babies as they’re younger

> DR: WA so - DR w/OAP returning 2 home countries 2 retire, but + kids = + DR, but eventually join wrk force

60
Q

Globalisation

A

World + interconnected.

61
Q

5 Main Aspects of Migration & Globalisation

A 
> Acceleration
> Differentiation
> Super Diversity
> Feminisation of Migration
> Migrant Identities
62
Q

Acceleration - Aspects of Migration & Globalisation

A

> In 2000-2013 migration + by 33%

63
Q

Globalisation & Migration (KS)

A

> Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity)
Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant)

> Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration)

> Eade (Bengali Muslims Hybrid Identities)
Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities)

> Castles (Problem w/ Assimilation Policies & A Divided WC)

64
Q

Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity)

A

> Now + types of Migrants e.g. spouses, refugees, workers etc

SD as they come from diff countries w/ diff legal statuses

65
Q

Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant)

A

> Citizens: Full Rights

> Denizens: Privileged foreign nationals/oligarchs

> Helots

66
Q

Helots

A

+ exploited disposable army of labour e.g. illegally trafficked workers.

67
Q

Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration)

A

> 1/2 F, so globalisation of TDDOL & w/roles as careers & prostitution

> Due to western F + in paid work & inadequate childcare

> 40% of nurses are F migrants, also enter UK as V’s of sex trafficking

68
Q

Eade (Bengali Muslims & Hybrid Identities)

A

> HI = personal identity mixture of 2+ influences

> e.g. 2nd gen BM had hierchal identies e.g. muslim 1st, bengali 2nd etc

> But due 2 this accused of not fitting in

69
Q

Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities)

A

> Ppl now constanly move across wrld, not settled in 1 country or culture w/ TI

> Tech = easier maintance of global ties - no need 2 travel

> Migrants + links w/other migrants > country of orign or settlement - don’t want to assimilate

70
Q

State Approaches 2 Immigration

A

> Assimilationism

> Multiculturalism

71
Q

Assimilationism

A

> 1st approach, encourages them 2 adopt language, values & become ‘like us’.

> But fails as migrants want to keep aspects of ‘culture of origin’.

72
Q

Multiculturalism

A

> Lets migrants keep features of original identity

> But only superficial differences e.g. food (shallow diversity)

> & not vital ones e.g. veiling of women (deep diversity)

73
Q

Reasons 4 Politicians wanting Migrants assimilate culturally

A

9/11’ e.g in France veiling of face was made illegal.

74
Q

Castles (Problem w/ Assimilation Policies & A Divided WC)

A

> Polices are counterproductive, see EM as other, so respond emphasising diff

> +’s host suspicion of them so assimilation unlikely.

> Assimilationist ideas encourages wrks 2 blame migrants 4 issues = racially divided WC

75
Q

Reasons for Fall in Deaths

A

> ILS
Medical
Social Factors & Policies

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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