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Sociology Alevel > Demography - 2.5 > Flashcards

Demography - 2.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

Study of populations characteristics.

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2
Q

4 Factors affecting Population Growth

A

> Births & Immigration + pop

> Deaths & Emigration - pop

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3
Q

Natural Change (NC)

A

NO of Births - NO of Deaths

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4
Q

Net Migration (NM)

A

NO of ppl immigrating into a country - NO emigrating from it.

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5
Q

Trend in UK Pop

A

>

  • est 1900, due to NC > NM.
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6
Q

2 Measures of Birth

A

> Birth Rate (BR)

> Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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7
Q

Birth Rate

A

NO of live births per 1K of population per year.

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8
Q

Trend in BR

A
  • est 1900, despite Baby Booms after 2 WWW’s & 60’s
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9
Q

TFR

A

> Avg NO of kids F has in her fertile years (15-44).

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10
Q

Trend in TFR & Reasons

A
  • & affects family size

>

  • F childless or having kids later
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11
Q

IMR( infant mortality rate)

A

NO of infants dying before 1 per 1K babies born per yr.

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12
Q

Birth (KS)

A

> Harper (ILS)

> Giddens (Contraception)

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13
Q

Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Improved Living Standards (ILS)
Contraception (Giddens)
Changes in Position of Kids & F
Geographical Mobility

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14
Q

Harper (Improved Living Standards (ILS) & Falling BR) - Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Richer country - BR, ILS so ppl have less kids.

> ILS = + housing, diet, education & medical care.

>

  • IMR so ppl have - ‘replacement babies’ 4 those who died in infancy
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15
Q

A03 ILS Births (KS)

A

> Functionalism (SD)

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16
Q

Functionalist (Structural Differentiation) - Criticisms of ILS

A

> State institutions do EF function, so don’t need kids 2 look after us in OAP

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17
Q

Contraception (Giddens) - Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Plastic sexuality’ = sex becomes detached from reproduction.

> Due to pill i.e. allows for + strategic family planning, IVF allows 4 delaying kids

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18
Q

General Criticisms of Giddens & Reasons 4 - BR

A

> IVF expensive, not 4 all

> Baby Boom in 60s came after pill’s invention

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19
Q

Changes in Position of Kids & F - Reasons 4 - BR

A

>

  • F focused on career first or not interested @ all

> Kids were eco assets, but compulsory skl + dependency, cost +

> Child centeredness e.g. move from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’

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20
Q

Geo Mobility - Reasons 4 - BR

A

> Modern labour force needs to be very mobile, incentive 4 smaller families e.g. easier to pack up & move elsewhere.

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21
Q

Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

> Family
Dependency Ratio
Lonely
Public Services & Policies

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22
Q

Family - Changes in Fertility

A

> Smaller. F can now go wrk creating DEF

> But wealthy couples can still have + kids e.g. can afford childcare

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23
Q

DR - Changes in Fertility

A

>

  • kids reduces burden on wrking pop

> But - ppl entering workforce + ppl retiring = + tax on wrking pop supporting retired majority

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24
Q

Lonely - Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

> Childhood’s lonelier for only kids + childless adults = - ppl giving kids a voice

> But kids + valued

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25
Public Services & Policies - Implications of Changes in Fertility
> - skls & health services needed - spent on maternity leave > Instead of - skls, gov may opt 4 smaller classes sizes
26
Trend of deaths
Fallen
27
Death Rate (DR)
NO of deaths per 1K of population per yr.
28
Deaths (KS)
> McKeown (Improved Nutrition) > Tranter (Fall in NO of deaths from Infectious Diseases (ID) > Harper (Obesity) > Walker (LE in Poor vs Rich Areas)
29
ILS Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Improved Nutrition & + Income > Better Quality Housing & Smaller Family Sizes
30
McKeown (Improved Nutrition) & Income - ILS Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Better diet, so - deaths from TB, + resistance to ID & survival chances > + income so + £ for medicines, food etc - but + taxation 4 NHS
31
Better Quality Housing & Small Famliy Sizes - ILS Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Heating during winter - NO of colds & - damp = - ilness > Safer Housing = - deaths from accidents > + contraception = - less kids = - disease transmission
32
General Criticisms of ILS
> F get - share of food supply but live + > M > + food ≠ better nutrition e.g. obesity > MC still + LE > WC suffering poverty
33
Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Fall in NO of deaths from Infectious Diseases & Medical Advances > Obesity
34
Tranter (Fall in NO of deaths from ID) - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Vaccines so - deaths from e.g. measles & - in DR mostly from kids > Deaths of affluence > ID, but reduced w/ creation of NHS, blood transfusions etc
35
Obesity - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Obesity now + issue > smoking, but deaths - due 2 drug therapies. > Now US health culture w/ unhealthy lifestyles, but + lives achieved w/ costly medication.
36
General Criticisms of Medical Improvements (Tranter)
> Vaccinations not entirely effective e.g. COVID > MC have private health care, WC don't
37
Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths
> Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes
38
Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes - Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths
> + effective Gov w/ power to pass laws e.g. clean drinking water, food hygiene, health & safety > COVID measures
39
Other Social Changes - leading to Fall in Deaths
> - of dangerous manual jobs e.g. mining. | > + public knowledge of causes of illness
40
General Criticisms of Social Factors and Policies
> COVID Measures not effective e.g. + mental health problems
41
Life Expectancy (LE) & Trends
> How long on avg person born in given yr can expect to live. > + but F + > M, but gap - due to employment/lifestyle changes > As DR - LE + (Soon reach - radical longetivity w/ + centurions)
42
Walker (LE in Poor vs Rich Areas & Jobs)
> Ppl in poor areas die earlier > ppl in richest areas. > Ppl in manual work die earlier > ppl in prof jobs
43
Trend in Avg Age of Population
+
44
3 Factors leading to Ageing Population
> + LE: Live longer > - IMR: Hardly anyone dies in infancy. > - Fertility : - babies born
45
Effects of an Ageing Population
> Public Services > One-Person Pensioner Households > Dependency Ratio
46
Public Services - Effects of an Ageing Population
> OAP’s 75+ take up + proportion of healthcare services so + spending on health care > Need 4 change in policies e.g. housing & transport.
47
1 Person Pensioner Households - Effects of an Ageing Population
> + F e.g. live + M > & younger than Husband > e.g. Among 75+ 2x F > M
48
Dependency Ratio - Effects of an Ageing Population
> + retired ppl = + burden on wrking pop > But - kids born reduces burden
49
Ageing Population (KS)
> Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective) > Hunt (PM Society & Old Age) > Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a SC)
50
Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective)
> Status based role in production, OAP’s excluded from production = dependent status > Not productive rejected support by capitalist state so family take responsibility for care. > Made powerless.
51
Hunt (PM Society & Old Age)
> No fixed life plan late marriage/early retirement, blur boundaries vs life stages >Can pick identities regardless of age e.g. gym memberships/cosmetic surgery > Emphasis on surface features OAP can write identities w/ anti-ageing products > Media w/ +ve image of OAP’s, lifestyle - stigma
52
Hunt AO3 (KS)
Pilcher (Inequality Among Old)
53
Pilcher (Inequality Among Old) - Hunt AO3 (KS)
> WC - LE & + ilness vs MC w/ + savings > e.g. F - salaries & pensions, face sexist harassment e.g. 'old hag' > 29% suffered age discrimination > other forms
54
Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a SC)
> To cope w/ + OAP, + tax & + retirement age > Change in housing policy encouraging OAP’s to go to smaller places freeing houses 4 young > OAP not biological fact, but SC
55
Migration
Movement from place to place
56
Immigration Trends from 1900-40's & 50-70s & 80s
+ immigrant groups Irish, EU Jews & Canada/USA (00-40) > Non-white immigrants e.g. Caribbean & South Asia (50-70) > White EU main source, non-white only 1/4 (80s)
57
Policies Restricting Non White Immigration in 60s & 90s
Immigration/Nationality Acts
58
Emigration est 1900 - Trends
> + emigrants went USA, Canada, Australia & NZ > Due to push factors e.g. unemployment/eco recession & pull factors e.g. + wages etc > Contrast w/ppl migrating due to prosecution
59
3 Impacts of Migration on UK Population Structure
> Population Size: + > Age Structure: - avg age directly e.g. are working age & indirectly = + babies as they're younger > DR: WA so - DR w/OAP returning 2 home countries 2 retire, but + kids = + DR, but eventually join wrk force
60
Globalisation
World + interconnected.
61
5 Main Aspects of Migration & Globalisation
``` > Acceleration > Differentiation > Super Diversity > Feminisation of Migration > Migrant Identities ```
62
Acceleration - Aspects of Migration & Globalisation
> In 2000-2013 migration + by 33%
63
Globalisation & Migration (KS)
> Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity) > Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant) > Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration) > Eade (Bengali Muslims Hybrid Identities) > Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities) > Castles (Problem w/ Assimilation Policies & A Divided WC)
64
Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity)
> Now + types of Migrants e.g. spouses, refugees, workers etc SD as they come from diff countries w/ diff legal statuses
65
Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant)
> Citizens: Full Rights > Denizens: Privileged foreign nationals/oligarchs > Helots
66
Helots
+ exploited disposable army of labour e.g. illegally trafficked workers.
67
Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration)
> 1/2 F, so globalisation of TDDOL & w/roles as careers & prostitution > Due to western F + in paid work & inadequate childcare > 40% of nurses are F migrants, also enter UK as V's of sex trafficking
68
Eade (Bengali Muslims & Hybrid Identities)
> HI = personal identity mixture of 2+ influences > e.g. 2nd gen BM had hierchal identies e.g. muslim 1st, bengali 2nd etc > But due 2 this accused of not fitting in
69
Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities)
> Ppl now constanly move across wrld, not settled in 1 country or culture w/ TI > Tech = easier maintance of global ties - no need 2 travel > Migrants + links w/other migrants > country of orign or settlement - don't want to assimilate
70
State Approaches 2 Immigration
> Assimilationism | > Multiculturalism
71
Assimilationism
> 1st approach, encourages them 2 adopt language, values & become ‘like us’. > But fails as migrants want to keep aspects of ‘culture of origin’.
72
Multiculturalism
> Lets migrants keep features of original identity > But only superficial differences e.g. food (shallow diversity) > & not vital ones e.g. veiling of women (deep diversity)
73
Reasons 4 Politicians wanting Migrants assimilate culturally
9/11' e.g in France veiling of face was made illegal.
74
Castles (Problem w/ Assimilation Policies & A Divided WC)
> Polices are counterproductive, see EM as other, so respond emphasising diff > +'s host suspicion of them so assimilation unlikely. > Assimilationist ideas encourages wrks 2 blame migrants 4 issues = racially divided WC
75
Reasons for Fall in Deaths
> ILS > Medical > Social Factors & Policies

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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