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Sociology Alevel > 4.8 - Control & Punishment > Flashcards

4.8 - Control & Punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Crime Prevention Theories

A

> SCP
ECP
SCCP

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2
Q

Crime Prevention & Control (KS)

A

> Clarke (Target Hardening, RCT & SCP & Contrast w/ Root Cause Theories)

> Feslon (SCP & Port Authority) (PA)

> Wilson & Keilling (Broken Window Theory & 0 Tolerance Policing & NY Example)

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3
Q

Clarke (SCP, Target Hardening & RCT)

A

> Make it harder 2 be target e.g. bars on windows, alarms, CCTV

> Design crime out of area burglar weighs + & - of robbing home, if used TH - likely to rob

> If haven’t + likely 2 get robbed as can get away w/it.

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4
Q

Clarke (SCP & Contrast w/ Root Cause Theories)

A

> Stop focus on factors e.g. socialisation/capitalism

> But immediate situation as + crime opportunistic, so - chance = - crime

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5
Q

Feslon (SCP & Port Authority) (PA)

A

> PA, area w/ + crime e.g. drugs, prostitution etc

> Poor design, = + chances 4 crime, improve design = - crime

> e.g. large sinks homeless used 4 bathing, replaced w/ small hand basins

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6
Q

Chaiken (Displacement)

AO3 (KS) ​SCP

A

> Measures don’t stop crime but = displacement

> NY crackdown on subway crime = safer area > but later moved 2 streets

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7
Q

Types of Displacement

A 
> Spatial (Somewhere else)
> Temporal (Another time)
> Target (Diff V)
> Functional (do diff crime) 
> Tactical (Diff method)
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8
Q

Overall Criticisms of SCP

A

> No exp 4 CC crime & dont always make RCT

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9
Q

Wilson & Keilling (Broken Window Theory) (ECP)

A

> Graffiti/vandalism, undealt w/ so signal PO don’t care area

> D feels they get away w/it, lack of control = intimidation & powerlessness 4 members

> So need 4 0 tolerance on minor crime - stops this

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10
Q

Wilson & Keilling (NY Example of 0 Tolerance)

A

> Graffiti issue but clean car policy, = immediate removal from cars

> So D see it’s waste of 🕒 £ so stop

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11
Q

Criticisms of 0 Tolerance Policing, NY Example

A

> Not due 2 0 tolerance, but + PO & - unemployment & cocaine availability

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12
Q

Aims of SCCP

A

> Long term process on reducing root causes e.g. Perry Pre-Skl Project

> Supplementary education w/ home visits 4 EM, over 40yrs kid w/ - CR

> Every £1 spent = 17 saved in welfare/prison cost

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13
Q

Criticisms of SCCP

A

> Gov’s only think shorter term & no focus on CC

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14
Q

Surveillance

A

> Monitor & gather data on ppl & use it 2

> Regulate behaviour e.g. CCTV

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15
Q

Surveillance (KS)

A

> Foucault (2 Types of Power, Panopticon & Dispersal of Discipline)
Baumann & Lyon (Post-Panoptical Society)

> Mathieson (Synoptic Surveillance)
Thompson (Synopticon & Politicians)

> Ericson (Surveillant Assemblages) (SA)

> Feely & Simon (Actuarial Justice)
Young (Actuarial Justice)
Lyon (Actuarial Justice)

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16
Q

Foucault (2 Types of Power)

A

> Sovereign: Monarch controlled ppl body w/ capitalist punishment (spectacle)

> Disciplinary: Seek 2 govern mind & soul

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17
Q

Foucault (Panopticon & Dispersal of Discipline)

A

> Guards can see D, not vice versa so feel always watched, must self-surveil

> Now pattern widespread in society discipline unessential

> Constantly feel watched by peers so 👮 selves in own 🧠 live within panopticon, so - CR

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18
Q

AO3 (KS) Foucalt

A

> Norris

> Koskela

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19
Q

Norris

AO3 (KS) Foucalt

A

> CCTV = no effect = displacement, few shoplifters put off

> Ideological function gives us false assurance of security.

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20
Q

Koskela

AO3 (KS) Foucalt

A

CCTV extension of MG, F vulnerable to voyeurism of M camera operator

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21
Q

Baumann & Lyon (Post-Panoptical Society)

A

> Idea of being 👀 controls behaviour

> Liquids surveillance = monitoring from purchases 2 transport

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22
Q

Mathieson (Panopticon v Synopticon)

A

> Now centralized surveillance - all watches all e.g. social media

> Scrutiny of powerful groups = + self-surveillance.

> Video cameras lets us exercise control > controllers e.g. PO misbehaviour

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23
Q

Thompson (Synopticon & Politicians)

A

> Politicians now fear media uncover damaging info

> e.g. Boris Johnson

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24
Q

McCahill

Mathieson AO3 (KS)

A

> Don’t reverse hierarchies of surveillance

> e.g. PO confiscate cameras of citizen journalists

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25
Q

Ericson (Surveillant Assemblages) (SA)

A

> Surveillance tech uses manipulation of digital data > physical bodies

> Combo of diff tech into powerful SA e.g. CCTV footage anaylsed w/ face recognition software

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26
Q

Feely & Simon (Actuarial Justice)

A

> Uses algorithms predict % of ppl offending but focus on groups > ppl 2

> e.g. airport S&S based on risk factors e.g. reg/age etc
classify groups based on perceived danger.

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27
Q

Lyon (Actuarial Justice)

A

> Categorise ppl, so able 2 treat diff based on lvl of risk e.g. counter-terrorism scheme in Birmingham

> Surrounding 2 muslim areas w/ 150 cameras

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28
Q

Criticisms of Actuarial Justice

A

> Offender profiles complied w/ OS, show young B M + likely 2 offend

> Profiling = police targeting & SFP > = + likely 2 be caught & convicted

29
Q

Labelling & Surveillance

A

> CCTV operators targets blacks due 2 racist stereotypes

> = SFP, criminalization of black + as offences revealed

> Criminalisation of others lessened as offences ignored

30
Q

Purposes of Punishment

A

> Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Incapacitation
Retribution

31
Q

Deterrence (Purposes of Punishment)

A

> Stops future offending future

> e.g. Thatcher’s Sharp Shock regime in youth offenders institutes

32
Q

Rehabilitation & Incapacitation, Retribution

Purposes of Punishment

A

> Reducate & help offenders e.g. drug addicts (REH)

> e.g. maiming & execution (IN)

> Entitlelment 4 revenge for breaking shared VC (RET)

33
Q

Punishment (KS)

A

> Durkheim (Aim of Punishment & 2 Types of Justice)

> Rusche & Melossi (Marxism)
Kirchheimer (Marxism)
Althusser (Marxism)

> Weberianism (Perspectives on Punishment)

> Garland (Penal Welfarism, Era of Mass Incarceration)

> Carrabine et al (Consequences of + Prison Pop)

> Cohen (Alts to Prison)

34
Q

Durkheim (Aim of Punishment & 2 Types of Justice)

A

> Allows SS & reinforces CC e.g. retributive

> Collectively severely lashing out vs D 4 breaking = librium e.g hanging

> Restitution, repair damage restore 2 prior state e.g. compensation

35
Q

Criticisms of Durkheim view on Punishment

A

> Too simplistic, traditional societies use restitutive > retributive

> e.g. paying off blood feud > execution

36
Q

Althusser (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)

A

> CJS is RSA, tool UC uses 4 defence of property/power

> Agency of fear, WC fear taken away from familiy so always conform

37
Q

Rusche & Melossi (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)

A

> Reflects eco base of society, imprisonment dominant under capitalism

> Time is £ & so pay by doing time, removes ability 2 earn wages

> Prison/capitalist factory, both strict discipline, subordination & no freedom

38
Q

Kirchheimer (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)

A

> Change in punishing w/ transportation 2 cheap prison labour, reflects eco needs of UC

> As capitalist eco based on exploitation of labour

39
Q

Weberianism (Perspectives on Punishment)

A

> Only state can punish D’s not church like past now based on impersonal regulations set by large gov

40
Q

Changing Role of Prisons

A

> Pre-Industrial EU used fines execution, prison used 4 holding D’s b4 punishment

> Now worst punishment, fails 2 stop reoffending & skls of crime

> Populist punitiveness est 80’s, MP’s want harsher sentence, but = + prison pop

41
Q

Garland (Penal Welfarism)

A

> est 50’s used of PW, CJS tried rehabilitating D’s 4 reintergration

> Move 2 punitive state’ w/ ‘culture of control’ & punish D’s w/ actuarialism, incarceration, transcreation

> MP’s use idea of being tough on crime 2 win elections

42
Q

Carrabine et al (Consequences of + Prison Population)

A

> Now over pop w/ poor sanitation & lack of educational & wrk opportunities & inadequate family vists

43
Q

Garland (Era of Mass Incarceration)

A

>

  • prisonsers in US 3% of adult pop, no longer incanceration of individual

> Now systematic imprisonment 4 groups of pop e.g. 4 every 100K YBM 3.5K imprisoned

> US prison soaks up -40% of unemployed - capitalism look + successful.

44
Q

Transcreation & Prison

A

> Ppl locked into a cycle of control, shifting through carceral agencies in lives

> e.g. in care > young offenders’ institute, prison & mental hospital inbetween

45
Q

Cohen (Alts to Prison)

A

>

  • controls e.g. probation, curfew, electric tagging, put net of control > + ppl

> Don’t take young away from CJS, but diverts e.g. ASBO fast track 2 custodial sentence

46
Q

UN Definition of Victims

A

Person harmed through acts/omissions violating laws of state.

47
Q

Victimology (KS)

A

> Christie (Victims & Social Construction)

> Miers (3 Areas of PV)

> Hentig (V Proneness) (PV)

> Wolfgang (V Precipitation)

> Mawby & Walklate (Structural Factors)

> Tombs & Whyte (Safety Crimes & Ideological Function of De-Labelling)

> Pynoos - Indirect V’s of Crime

48
Q

Christie (Victims & Social Construction)

A

> Stereotype of ideal V favoured by society & media is weak

> Innocent & blameless & target of a stranger’s attack.

49
Q

Miers (3 Areas of Positivist Victimology)

A

> Factors making some ppl/groups + likely to be V’s
Focus on interpersonal crimes of violence
Identify V’s contributing to own victimisation

50
Q

Hentig (V Proneness) (PV)

A

> V’s + likely to be F, OAP or low IQ, so ‘invite’ victimisation purely due to their character

> Also lifestyle factors e.g. V’s openly display weath

51
Q

Wolfgang (V Precipitation)

A

> V’s triggers events leading to crime vs them e.g. murder & being 1st to use violence

> e.g. where V was M & perpetrator F

52
Q

Criticisms of PV

A

> Ignores wider structural factors e.g. poverty, patriarchy, racism etc

> Victim blaming, your own fault e.g. rape cases ‘’she asked for it’’ - not sound argument

> V’s may be unaware of own victimisation e.g. crime vs environment w/ harm done, but no law broke

53
Q

Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A 
> Structural Factor
> State Denial of Label of V
> Safety Crime
> Ideological Function of Power to Label
> Hierarchy of Victimisation
54
Q

Mawby & Walklate (Structural Factors) - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

e.g. patriarchy & poverty so F & WC @ + risk of victimisation a form of structural powerlessness.

55
Q

State Denial of Label of V - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

> State reserves power to label, but withholds it frm some e.g. police don’t press charges vs M for assaulting wife

> Denies her V status

56
Q

Tombs & Whyte (Safety Crimes) - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

> Company violation of law leading to deaths seen due to ‘accident prone’ workers.

> Denies V, V status’ & blames them for their fate.

57
Q

Tombs & Whyte (Ideological Function of De-Labelling - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime

A

> Conceal true extent of V-sation hides crimes of UC & denies powerless V’s justice

> Powerless + likely to be victimised, yet least likely to have this acknowledged by state.

58
Q

Criticisms of CV

A

> Ignores V’s may contribute to V-sation through not securing homes etc

> Rich @ risk of crime as they’re attractive target to criminals, but not accounted 4 by CV

59
Q

Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A 
> Class
> Age
> Ethnicity
> Gender
> Repeat V-isation
60
Q

Class - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> WC + likely to be V-ised e.g. crime rates + in areas of + unemployment & poverty e.g. WC can’t afford security

> Homeless ppl + likely to experienced violence > general pop

61
Q

Age - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> Young ppl @ + risk of v-isation. infants + risk of being murdered

> Teens + vulnerable to adults for crimes e.g. assault, theft/abuse home.

> Old @ + risk of abuse e.g. nursing homes, but v-isation is - visible.

62
Q

Ethnicity - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> EM @ + risk > whites of general crime/racially motivated

> EM, young & homeless + likely to report feeling under-protected yet over-controlled.

63
Q

Gender - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

M > F are V’s of violence & homicide, but + F V’s of DV, rape etc

64
Q

Repeat V-isation - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s

A

> Ppl already V’s + likely to be V’s again, 60% not V’s of any crime in last yr

> But 4% of V’s of almost ½ crime in that period.

65
Q

Impact of Crime on V’s

A

Fear of crime, disrupted sleep, helplessness, security-consciousness etc

66
Q

Pynoos (Indirect V’s of Crime)

A

> Kid witnesses of sniper attack had PSTD/bad dreams, yr after event

> Hate crimes has waves of harm, radiates out to others intimidating whole communities

> Challenge value system of society

67
Q

AO3 (KS) SCP

A

> Chaiken (Displacement)

> Feminist (CCTV)

68
Q

Feminist (CCTV)

AO3 (KS) ​SCP

A

> Form of MG, observe F & control them

69
Q

Trends in Punishment

A

> Changing Role of Prisons
Transcareation
Alt’s 2 Prison

Sociology Alevel (33 decks)

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