Endocrinology 3

Question 1

Z score used when?

Answer 1

Pre-menopausal

Men < 50 years old

Question 2

Bisphosphonate treatment marker?

Answer 2

PINP

Question 3

Most potent biphosphonate?

Answer 3

Zolendronic acid

Question 4

Paget’s disease a/w what virus?

Answer 4

Paramyxoviruses

Question 5

Specific signs of Grave’s disease

Answer 5

Pretibial myxedema

Grave’s ophthalmopathy - exophthalmos

Question 6

When is RAI contraindicated?

When use RAI?

Answer 6

Pregnancy
Graves’ ophthalmopathy

MNG
Failed medical therapy

Question 7

Diagnostic test for iodine deficiency?

Answer 7

24 hours urinary iodine collection

Question 8

Hashimoto pathogenesis?

Answer 8

CD8 T cells + TPO = causing colloid atrophy

Question 9

What type of thyroid nodules suspicious of malignancy?

Answer 9

Cold nodules

Question 10

When biopsy thyroid nodules?

Answer 10

Nodules > 20 mm

Nodules > 10 mm + high risk features
-narrow length, calcification, hypoechoic

Question 11

Serotonin syndrome antidote?

Answer 11

1st line - Benzodiazepines

2nd line - Cyproheptadine ( H1 inverse agonist - anti-histamine)

Question 12

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome antidote?

Answer 12

Bromocriptine - D2 to overwhelm blockade of RYR1

Question 13

Aldosterone produced by what enzyme, site?

Answer 13

ACEII enzyme at AT1R ( at zona glomerulosa)

Question 14

Urinary NA results mean?

Answer 14

< 1% = pre-renal
> 2% = ATN

Use when no signs of GN/CKD/Diuretics usage

Question 15

Normal saline causes hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis - why?

Answer 15

Paradox - High Renin - high vascular resistance

Question 16

Cystatin C produced and absorbed where?

Answer 16

Glomerulus and absorbed at PCT

Question 17

Hyaline cast produced where?

Answer 17

uromodulin ( Tamm-horsfall protein) in LOH

Question 18

Myogloburinuria - how to detect it?

Answer 18

Urine dipstick +++ but no RBC in sediment

Low Calcium but high K

Question 19

Most abundant protein secreted in urine?

Answer 19

Uromodulin/ Tamm-horsfall protein

Question 20

ICF - main ions

ECF - main ions

Answer 20

ICF (international sensation) - Kpop4

ECF - NACI

Question 21

Periventricular nucleus secretes?

Answer 21

Somatostatin

Question 22

Paraventricular nucleus secretes?

Answer 22

Everything, all hormones

Question 23

Arcuate nucleus secretes?

Answer 23

GH and Dopamine

Question 24

Ventromedial nucleus secretes?

Answer 24

GnRH - LH/FSH

Question 25

Supraoptic nucleus secretes?

Answer 25

Melatonin, ADH, Oxytocin

Question 26

GLUT2 receptor function

Answer 26

absorb BGL and insulin release

Question 27

Catecholamines inhibit what?

Answer 27

insulin

Question 28

Glucagon mechanism of action?

Answer 28

acts on G protein coupled receptors - glycogen synthesis

Question 29

If extracellular Calcium low - what happens?

Answer 29

NA channel opens to extract intracellular Ca - then hypocalcemia tetany

Question 30

Main intracellular pathway signalling for mitosis?

Answer 30

MAP kinase = G1 cyclin proteins produced

Question 31

TGF-b acts on?

Answer 31

Serine (SMAD) proteins -regulatory

Osteoclasts

Question 32

JAK-STAT pathway is what?

Answer 32

promote blood cell division, cell growth pathway