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Dental Pharmacology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha cells?

A

glucagon

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2
Q

Beta cells?

A

insulin

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3
Q

Delta cells?

A

somatostatin

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4
Q

Regular insulin?

A

short-acting insulin

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5
Q

Humulin is made using…?

A

recombinant DNA to produce the hormone in bacteria or yeast

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6
Q

Novolin is made by…?

A

switing the aa that is different in pork insulin

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7
Q

What is an analogue of Humulin in which the normal proline B28 and lysine B29 are switched?

A

insulin lispro (Humalog)

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8
Q

What is a recombinant human insulin analog for use as an injection (once a day)? (shifted isoelectric point insulins)

A

insulin glargine

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9
Q

Insulin glargine differs from human insulin in Asparagine 21 is replaced by …. and two … are added to the C-terminus of the B-chain.

A

glycine

arginines

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10
Q

the 1st human inhaled insulin powder?

A

exubera

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11
Q

Condition caused by LOW INSULIN?

A

ketoacidosis

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12
Q

Condition caused by INSULIN OVERDOSE?

A

hypoglycemic coma

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13
Q

Normal glycosylation of HbA1c is…?

A

<7%

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14
Q

Class of oral hypoglycemics developed from an antibiotic having hypoglycemic properties?

A

sulfonylureas

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15
Q

What enhances hypoglycemic action of sulfonylureas?

A

NSAIDs

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16
Q

Two second generation sulfonylureas?

A

glyburide and glipizide

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17
Q

Class of oral hypoglycemics that are benzoic acid derivatives?

A

meglitinides

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18
Q

Class of oral hypoglycemics that does not effect insulin secretion but decreases hepatic glucose production?

A

biguanides

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19
Q

A biguanide that inhibits ANP kinase?

A

metformin

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20
Q

Class of oral hypoglycemics that bind to PPAR-gamma and increase insulin sensitivity?

A

thiazolidinediones

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21
Q

A thiazolidinedione?

A

pioglitazone

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22
Q

Class of oral hypoglycemics that reduces intestinal absorption of starch, disaccharides by inhibiting brush border alpha-glucosidase?

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

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23
Q

2 apha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

acarbose and miglitol

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24
Q

2 main incretins in humans are?

A

GIP and GLP-1

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25
Q

What increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and is a new target for antidiabetic drugs?

A

GLP-1

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26
Q

2 types of incretin drugs (hypoglycemic drugs for type 2 diabetes)

A
  1. peptides

2. dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

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27
Q

an incretin peptide that binds to GLP-1 receptors and improves glycemic control?

A

exenatide

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28
Q

the newest incretin peptides?

A

liraglutide and taspoglutide

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29
Q

an incretin DPP-4 inhibitor that inhibits inactivation of GLP-1?

A

sitagliptin

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30
Q

which incretin peptides are resistant to hydrolysis by DPP-4?

A

exenatide and liraglutide

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31
Q

What is an analogue of amylin?

A

pramlintide

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32
Q

an antihypertensive antidiuretic that has potent hyperglycemic actions?

A

diazoxide

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33
Q

chronic adrenocortical insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease

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34
Q

increased adrenocortical secretion?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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35
Q

synthetic ACTH used to test HPA axis?

A

cosyntropin

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36
Q

the main mineralocorticoid?

A

aldosterone

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37
Q

the main glucocorticoid?

A

hydrocortisone (cortisol)

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38
Q

glucocorticoids inhibit release of arachidonic acid and its metabolites through decreased expression of…?

A

phospholipase-A2

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39
Q

Short half life corticosteroid therapeutic agents?

A

cortisol/hydrocortisone, cortisone acetate

40
Q

Intermediate half life corticosteroid therapeutic agents?

A

prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone

41
Q

Long half life corticosteroid therapeutic agents?

A

dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone

42
Q

Suppression of what is a major side effect of glucocorticoid therapy?

A

ACTH and TSH

43
Q

Inhibitors of synthesis and action of adrenocorticol steroids?

A

aminoglutethimide and ketoconazole

44
Q

Synthetic estrogens have … which greatly decrease hepatic metabolism?

A

ethinyl groups

45
Q

synthetic estrogens?

A

ethinyl estradiol and mestranol

46
Q

Intramuscular injection of sulfate esters of estrone used to treat symptoms of menopause in women after hysterectomy?

A

Premarin

47
Q

Drugs whose estrogenic activities are tissue selective?

A

SERMS (selective estrogen receptor modulators)

48
Q

Example of SERMS?

A

tamoxifen

49
Q

a true anitestrogen?

A

clomiphene

50
Q

synthetic progestin component in birth control?

A

norethindrone

51
Q

2 FDA approved morning after pills (postcoital contraception)?

A

Plan B and Preven

52
Q

An approved antiprogestin for contragestation (abortion pill)?

A

mifepristone

53
Q

Inhibitors of 5a-reductase inhibit production of…?

A

DHT

54
Q

a non steroidal antiandrogen used in treatment of prostate cancer?

A

flutamide

55
Q

an inhibitor of 5a-reductase that treats benign prostatic hyperplasia and also male pattern baldness?

A

finasteride

56
Q

an aldosterone antagonist that also competes for testosterone receptor and treats hirsutism?

A

spironolactone

57
Q

an antifungal that also inhibits cytochrome P-450 enzymes leading to inhibition of testosterone synthesis?

A

ketoconazole

58
Q

major carrier of thyroid hormones?

A

thyroxine binding globulin

59
Q

protein carriers of thyroid hormones?

A

thyroxine binding globulin (major carrier), transthyretin, albumin

60
Q

3 inhibitors of TRH production?

A

somatostain, dopamine, glucocorticoids

61
Q

preferred method for preventing iodine deficiency?

A

iodized salt

62
Q

increased fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation, increased bile acid synthesis, decreased cholesterol, elevated glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

hyperthyroidism

63
Q

decreased fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, increased cholesterol

A

hypothyroidism

64
Q

myxedema?

A

hypothyroidism

65
Q

cretinism?

A

hypothyroidism- infant

66
Q

first synthetic thyroid hormone and treatment of hypothyroidism?

A

levothyroxine

67
Q

Graves disease?

A

hyperthyroidism

68
Q

toxic nodular goiter (carcinoma)?

A

hyperthyroidism

69
Q

antithyroid drugs that inhibit iodine organification?

A

thioureylenes

70
Q

2 thioureylenes?

A

propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole

71
Q

inhibits conversion of T4 to T3?

A

PTU

72
Q

antithyroid that crosses placenta and gets concentrated in fetal thyroid?

A

methimazole

73
Q

the active form of Vit D?

A

calcitriol

74
Q

plasma Ca is tightly regulated at…

A

2.5 mM

75
Q

3 major sites of of action for blood calcium regulation?

A

bone, GI tract, kidney

76
Q

PTH functions to … plasma Ca

A

increase

77
Q

what stop osteoclasts from breaking down bone?

A

bisphophonates

78
Q

What allows both PTH and Calcitonin secreting cells to respond to extracellular calcium?

A

calcium sensing receptor

79
Q

functions to decrease plasma Ca and is synthesized by parafollicular cells of thyroid?

A

calcitonin

80
Q

functions to increase plasma Ca and is synthesized in skin and blood?

A

calcitriol (active form of Vit D)

81
Q

Primary function of calcitriol?

A

increase Ca uptake from GI

82
Q

at pharmacologic doses, calcitriol…

A

increase reabsorption from kidneys and bone resorption

83
Q

Increased PTH causes

A

increased Ca reabsorption from kidney, increased bone resorption and increased synthesis of calcitriol

84
Q

PTH mechanism of action works through increasing …

A

cAMP which activates protein kinases

85
Q

in the mechanism of action, calcitonin decreases the … on osteoclasts

A

ruffled border surface area

86
Q

very effective for short term treatment of hypercalcemia?

A

calcitonin

87
Q

calcitriol induces synthesis of … which allows the uptake and binding of more Ca?

A

calbindin

88
Q

treatment of metabolic rickets?

A

calcitriol

89
Q

bisphosphonates used in Pagets disease?

A

alendronate, etidronate, risedronate

90
Q

bisphosphonate used for osteoporosis?

A

alendronate

91
Q

true or false: bisphosphonates must be taken after an overnight fast with a full glass of water with no food for 30 min?

A

true

92
Q

first generation bisphosphonate?

A

etidronate

93
Q

serious complication of bisphosphonates therapy?

A

osteonecrosis of the jaw

94
Q

surgical correction improves osteonecrosis lesions: T or F

A

F

95
Q

osteonecrosis of jaw much more common with … generation

A

3rd

96
Q

excess fluoride causes…

A

fluorosis

Dental Pharmacology (30 decks)

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