Diuretics

Question 1

osmotic diuretics

Answer 1

mannitol and also sorbitol and isosorbide

Question 2

MoA: the osmolarity in the proximal tubule remains constant and by introducing a non reabsorbable solute, the reasbsorption of H2O is reduced by increased osmotic force in tubule

Answer 2

osmotic diuretics (importantly Mannitol)

Question 3

Never use osmotic diuretic in patients with …

Answer 3

CHF

Question 4

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 4

acetazolamide, methazolamide, dichlorphenamide

Question 5

CA inhibitor: the first orally efficacious diuretic

Answer 5

acetazolamide

Question 6

CA inhibitor: more lipophilic, better absorbed

Answer 6

methazolamide

Question 7

CA inhibitor: 30x more potent than acetazolamide

Answer 7

dichlorphenamide

Question 8

which group?: block exchange of H+ for Na+ and promote NaHCO3 excretions (alkalinize the urine); side effect: metabolic acidosis

Answer 8

CA inhibitors

Question 9

which group:? MoA: the major site of action is the early distal tubule where they inhibit the electroneutral Na/Cl cotransporter on the luminal side leading to loss of Na, K and water in the urine

Answer 9

thiazide diuretics

Question 10

thiazide diuretics

Answer 10

hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, chlorothalidone

Question 11

diuretic of choice in the treatment of mild to moderate CHF and 1st choice to treat hypertension or edema stemming from chronic liver or renal disease

Answer 11

thiazide diuretics

Question 12

1st side effect of thiazide diuretics

Answer 12

hypokalemia

Question 13

hypokalemia: caution at plasma K+ below … mEq/L

Answer 13

3.5

Question 14

which group?: MoA: inhibit Na/K/2Cl symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (site of 15-20% of Na reabsorption); leads to loss of water and Ca in the urine

Answer 14

loop diuretics

Question 15

loop diuretics

Answer 15

furosemide, ethacrynic acid, torsemide, bumetanide

Question 16

most commonly used loop diuretic

Answer 16

furosemide

Question 17

more potent loop diuretic

Answer 17

bumetanide

Question 18

major side effect of loop diuretics

Answer 18

hypokalemia

Question 19

produce a peak diuresis much greater than that observed with the other commonly used diuretics, hence the name “high-ceiling diuretics”; quick onset (30 min) and short duration of activity (about 6 hrs)

Answer 19

loos diuretics

Question 20

which group?: mild diuretics, frequently administered with a 2nd diuretic to restrict potassium loss

Answer 20

potassium sparing diuretics

Question 21

potassium sparing diuretics

Answer 21

spironolactone, tremeterene, amilioride

Question 22

most important potassium sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist

Answer 22

spironolactone